Isesengura n'Igabanya Urusaku rw'Ingufu mu Gushushanya PCB Ikoresha Ingufu Nyinshi

Muri PCB ifite umurongo wo hejurus, urusaku rw'amashanyarazi rugaragara nk'uburyo bukomeye bwo kubangamira. Iyi nkuru ikora isesengura ryimbitse ry'imiterere n'inkomoko y'urusaku rw'amashanyarazi muri PCB zifite umurongo munini, kandi itanga ibisubizo bifatika kandi bifite akamaro bishingiye ku bikorwa by'ubuhanga.

A.Isesengura ry'urusaku rw'amashanyarazi

Urusaku rw'amashanyarazi ruvuga urusaku ruterwa cyangwa ruhungabanywa n'amashanyarazi ubwayo. Uku kwivanga kugaragara muri ibi bikurikira:

1. Urusaku rukwirakwira ruturuka kuriimpedance isanzwe y'amashanyarazi. Mu miyoboro ifite frequency nyinshi, urusaku rw'amashanyarazi rugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bimenyetso bifite frequency nyinshi. Bityo rero, igisabwa mbere ni urusaku rwo hasiamashanyaraziIkindi cy'ingenzi ni ugusukura ubutaka n'amashanyarazi.

Mu buryo bwiza, isoko ry'amashanyarazi ryabanta kubangamira, bigatuma nta rusaku rubaho. Ariko, mu by'ukuri, amashanyarazi afite impedance runaka, ikwirakwizwa mu amashanyarazi yose, bigatuma urusaku rurushaho kwiyongera. Bityo, hagomba gushyirwamo imbaraga kugira ngo hagabanuke impedance y'amashanyarazi. Ni byiza kugira igikoresho cyihariye indege ikoresha ingufunaindege yo ku butakaMu gushushanya urusobe rw'amashanyarazi rufite frequency nyinshi, muri rusange biba byiza cyane gushushanya amashanyarazi mu byiciro aho kuyashushanya mu buryo bwa bisi, bigamije kwemeza ko urujya n'uruza rukurikira inzira nta mbogamizi nyinshi. Byongeye kandi, ikibaho cy'amashanyarazi gitangauruhererekane rw'ikimenyetsoku bimenyetso byose byakozwe kandi byakiriwe kuri PCB, bityo bigabanura umuyoboro w'ibimenyetso kandi bigagabanya urusaku.

2. Uburyo Busanzwe bwo Guhagarika Ingufu: Ubu bwoko bw'ingufu bujyanye n'urusaku ruri hagati y'amashanyarazi n'ubutaka. Buturuka ku guhagarara guterwa n'uruziga rukozwe n'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi rwangiritse n'amashanyarazi asanzwe aturuka ku buso busanzwe bwo guhagarara. Ubunini buterwa n'imbaraga z'amashanyarazi n'ingufu za rukuruzi, kandi ubukana bwazo ni buke.

Muri iki kibazo, kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi (Ic) bitera voltage isanzwe muri uru rukurikiraneuruhererekane rw'ubu, bigira ingaruka ku gice cyo kwakira. Iyoimbaraga za rukuruzihiganjemo, voltage isanzwe ikorwa muri serivise ground loop itangwa na formula:

ΔB muri formula (1) igaragaza impinduka mu bunini bw'ingufu za rukuruzi, zipimwe muri Wb/m²S yerekana agace ka m².

Ku bw'umuntuingufu z'amashanyarazi, igihe amashanyarazi agaciro kazwi, voltage yatewe itangwa na Equation (2), muri rusange ikoreshwa iyo L = 150 / F cyangwa munsi yayo, F ikaba ihagarariyeumuvuduko w'imiraba ya elegitoronikimuri MHz. Iyo uyu mupaka urenze, kubara voltage ntarengwa iterwa bishobora koroshywa ku buryo bukurikira:

3. Interference y'Uburyo bwo Gutandukanya: Ibi bivuga ku kubangamirana hagati y'amashanyarazi n'umuyoboroumurongo w'amashanyarazi winjira n'usohokasMu miterere nyayo ya PCB, umwanditsi yavuze ko uruhare rwayo mu rusaku rw'amashanyarazi ari ruke, bityo ikaba ishobora gusibwa hano.
4. Interferences (Kwivanga kwa Interline): Ubwo bwoko bw'ihungabana rijyanye n'ihungabana riri hagati y'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Iyo hari ubushobozi buhuriweho (C) na inductance ihuriweho (M1-2) hagati y'imiyoboro ibiri itandukanye ihuriranye, ihungabana rizagaragara mu miyoboro ihuriweho niba hari voltage (VC) na current (IC) mu miyoboro ihuriramo:
   1. Voltage ihujwe binyuze mu guhagarara kwa capacitive itangwa na Equation (4), aho RV ihagarariye agaciro gahwanye nakurwanya hafi ya byosen'kurwanya ibintu bya kurebyaurujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi.
   2. Ubudahangarwa bw'uruhererekane binyuze mu guhuza ibintu: Iyo hari urusaku rw'uburyo busanzwe mu isoko ry'imyivumbagatanyo, imyivumbagatanyo ya interline muri rusange igaragara mu buryo busanzwe ndetse no mu buryo butandukanye.
5. Guhuza umurongo w'amashanyarazi: Iki kintu kibaho iyo umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wohereje ibibazo ku bindi bikoresho nyuma yo gukorerwakwivanga kw'amashanyarazi kuva kuri AC cyangwa DC isoko y'amashanyaraziIbi bigaragaza uburyo butaziguye bwo kubangamira urusaku rw'amashanyarazi ku urujya n'uruza rw'amajwi menshisNi ngombwa kumenya ko urusaku rw'amashanyarazi rushobora kuba rudakomoka ku bwikora, ahubwo rushobora no guterwa no kwivanga kw'ibintu byo hanze, bigatera urusaku rwikora ubwarwo (ruterwa n'imirasire cyangwa rukorwa), bityo rukabangamira izindi nsinga cyangwa ibikoresho.

• Ingamba zo kurwanya urusaku ruterwa n'amashanyarazi

Ukurikije ibimenyetso bitandukanye n'impamvu zitera urusaku rw'amashanyarazi rwasesenguwe haruguru, ibintu bituma habaho urusaku rw'amashanyarazi bishobora kwangirika by'umwihariko, bigahagarika urusaku rw'amashanyarazi. Ibisubizo bikurikira birasabwa:

• Kwita kuUmwobo Unyura ku Rubahos: Guca mu myobo bisabagufungura icyuhokuriurwego rw'amashanyarazi kugira ngo bihuze inzira yazo. Iyo umwanya w'amashanyarazi ari munini cyane, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku murongo w'ikimenyetso, bigatuma ikimenyetso kinyura mu nzira kandi byongera agace k'umurongo n'urusaku. Iyo imirongo imwe n'imwe y'ikimenyetso ihurijwe hafi y'umwanya kandi igasangira uyu murongo, impedance isanzwe ishobora gutuma habaho kuvugana hagati y'aho unyura.
• Insinga zihagije zo gufunga insinga: Buri kimenyetso gisaba umurongo wacyo wihariye w’ikimenyetso, aho agace k’ikimenyetso n’umurongo biguma ari bito uko bishoboka kose, bigatuma habaho guhuza neza.
• Gushyira Akayunguruzo k'Urusaku rw'Ingufu z'Amashanyarazi: Aka kayunguruzo gakuraho neza urusaku rw'imbere mu itangwa ry'amashanyarazi, kakongera sisitemukurwanya kwivanga n'umutekano. Ikora nk'inzira ebyiriAkayunguruzo ka RF, kuyungurura urusaku rwinjizwa mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi (kwirinda ko ibindi bikoresho bibangamira) n'urusaku rwinjizwa ubwarwo (kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibindi bikoresho bibangamira), ndetse no kubangamira uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha uburyo butandukanye.
• Gutandukanya ingufu z'amashanyaraziTransformateur: Ibi bitandukanya urusobe rw'ubutaka rwa common-mode rwainsinga y'ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi, gutandukanya neza umuyoboro wa common-mode loop current ukorwa ku murongo wo hejuru.
• Igenzura ry'Ingufu: Gusana amashanyarazi asukuye bishobora kugabanya cyane urusaku rw'amashanyarazi.
• Insinga: Imirongo y'amashanyarazi yinjira n'asohoka igomba kubikwa kure y'inkombe y'ikibaho cya dielectric kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho imirasire no kubangamira izindi nsinga cyangwa ibikoresho.
• Ingufu za Analogi n'iz'ikoranabuhanga zitandukanye: Ibikoresho bifite umurongo munini muri rusange bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku rusaku rw'ikoranabuhanga, bityo byombi bigomba gutandukanywa no guhuzwa hamwe aho amashanyarazi yinjira. Niba ikimenyetso gikeneye kwambuka imiterere ya analogi n'iya digitale, umurongo ushobora gushyirwa ku kimenyetso kugira ngo ugabanye agace k'umurongo.
• Irinde guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi hagati y'ibice bitandukanye: Gerageza kuzihuza kugira ngo wirinde ko urusaku rw'amashanyarazi rushobora guhuzwa byoroshye n'ubushobozi bwa parasite.
• Gutandukanya Ibice Bifite Ingufu: Ibice nka phase-locked loops (PLLs) bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku rusaku rw'amashanyarazi kandi bigomba kuguma kure y'amashanyarazi uko bishoboka kose.
• Gushyiramo umugozi w'amashanyarazi: Gushyira umugozi w'amashanyarazi iruhande rw'umugozi w'ibimenyetso, bishobora kugabanya umuyoboro w'ibimenyetso no kugabanya urusaku.
• Gushyira hasi inzira yo gufunga: Kugira ngo hirindwe urusaku rwinshi ruterwa n'ihungabana ry'amashanyarazi ku kibaho cy'amashanyarazi n'ihungabana ry'amashanyarazi yo hanze, inzira yo gufunga ishobora gushyirwa ku ruhande rw'ihungabana (hatarimo imirasire), bigatuma urusaku runyura hasi kandi rukirinda ihungabana ry'ibindi bikoresho n'ibikoresho.

Mu gusoza:Urusaku rw'amashanyarazi, rwaba ruturutse mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye ku isoko ry'amashanyarazi, rubangamira urusobe rw'amashanyarazi. Mu gihe cyo kugabanya ingaruka zarwo ku rusobe rw'amashanyarazi, hagomba gukurikizwa ihame rusange: kugabanya ingaruka z'urusaku rw'amashanyarazi ku rusobe rw'amashanyarazi mu gihe bigabanya ingaruka z'ibintu byo hanze cyangwa urusobe rw'amashanyarazi ku isoko ry'amashanyarazi kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw'urusaku rw'amashanyarazi.