Uhlalutyo kunye nokunciphisa ingxolo yobonelelo lwamandla kwiNkqubo yoYilo lwePCB oluQhelekileyo
Ngaphakathi i-PCB ephindaphindayos, ingxolo yokunikezelwa kwamandla ivelele njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuphazamiseka. Eli nqaku lenza uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lweempawu kunye nemvelaphi yengxolo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwii-PCB ezisebenza rhoqo, kwaye linikezela ngezisombululo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo ezisekelwe kwizicelo zobunjineli.
A.Uhlalutyo lweNgxolo yoNikezo lwaMandla
Ingxolo yombane ibhekisa kwingxolo eveliswa okanye ephazanyiswa yinkonzo yombane ngokwayo. Olu phazamiseko lubonakala kwezi nkalo zilandelayo:
- Ingxolo esasazekileyo evela kwiukuthintela okungokwemvelo yombane. Kwiisekethe ezisebenzisa i-frequency ephezulu, ingxolo yombane ichaphazela kakhulu imiqondiso esebenzisa i-frequency ephezulu. Ke ngoko, imfuneko yokuqala yingxolo ephantsiukunikezwa AmandlaOkubaluleke ngokulinganayo kukucoca umhlaba kunye nombane.
Kwimeko efanelekileyo, umbane uya kubaakukho kuthintelwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kungabikho ngxolo. Nangona kunjalo, enyanisweni, umbane une-impedance ethile, esasazwa kulo lonke umbane, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni ingxolo igqithiseke kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kufuneka kwenziwe imizamo yokunciphisa i-impedance yombane. Kungcono ukuba nombane ozinikeleyo. inqwelo-moya yamandlakwayeinqwelo-moya yasemhlabeniKuyilo lwesekethe ye-frequency ephezulu, ngokubanzi kusebenza ngakumbi ukuyila umbane ngokweeleya kunokuba ube kwifomathi yebhasi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iluphu ilandela indlela rhoqo nge-impedance encinci. Ukongeza, ibhodi yamandla inikailuphu yesiginalikuzo zonke iimpawu eziveliswayo nezifunyenweyo kwi-PCB, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa iluphu yesiginali kwaye kunciphisa ingxolo.
- Ukuphazamiseka kweCommon Mode Field: Olu hlobo lokuphazamiseka luphathelele ingxolo phakathi kombane nomhlaba. Luvela kukuphazamiseka okubangelwa yiluphu eyenziwe yisekethe ephazamisekileyo kunye nevolthi yecommon mode evela kumphezulu wereferensi eqhelekileyo. Ubukhulu buxhomekeke kumandla ombane kunye nemagnethi, kwaye amandla ayo aphantsi kakhulu.
Kule meko, ukwehla kwamandla angoku (Ic) kukhokelela kwi-voltage yemo eqhelekileyo kuthothoiluphu yangoku, echaphazela icandelo elifumanayo. Ukubaintsimi yemagnethiEyona nto iphambili, i-voltage yemo eqhelekileyo eveliswa kwi-ground loop yochungechunge inikwa yifomula:
I-ΔB kwifomula (1) imele utshintsho kubunzulu bokufakelwa kwemagnethi, olulinganiswa kwi-Wb/m2u-S umele indawo ekwi-m2.
Ukuzeintsimi ye-electromagnetic, xa intsimi yombane ixabiso liyaziwa, i-voltage ebangelwayo inikwa yi-Equation (2), esebenza ngokubanzi xa i-L=150/F okanye ngaphantsi, kunye ne-F emele i-imvamisa yamaza e-electromagnetickwi-MHz. Ukuba lo mda udluliwe, ukubalwa kwevolthi ephezulu ebangelwayo kungenziwa lula ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Ukuphazamiseka kweNdlela yoMbane yoMbane: Oku kubhekiselele kukuphazamiseka phakathi kombane kunyeumgca wamandla wokufaka kunye nokukhuphasKuyilo lwePCB lokwenyani, umbhali uqaphele ukuba igalelo layo kwingxolo yombane lincinci, kwaye ke ngoko linokungafakwa apha.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Interline: Olu hlobo lokuphazamiseka luphathelele ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwemigca yombane. Xa kukho i-capacitance edibeneyo (C) kunye ne-inductance edibeneyo (M1-2) phakathi kweesekethe ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezihambelanayo, ukuphazamiseka kuya kubonakala kwisekethe edibeneyo ukuba kukho i-voltage (VC) kunye ne-current (IC) kwisekethe yomthombo wokuphazamiseka:
- I-voltage edityaniswe nge-capacitive impedance inikwa yi-Equation (4), apho i-RV imele ixabiso elihambelanayo le-ukumelana okukufutshanekwaye iukuxhathisa okungapheliyoyeisekethe ephazamisekileyo.
- Ukumelana nochungechunge ngokusebenzisa i-inductive coupling: Ukuba kukho ingxolo yemo eqhelekileyo kumthombo wokuphazamiseka, ukuphazamiseka kwe-interline ngokubanzi kubonakala kwimo eqhelekileyo nakwimo yokwahluka.
- Ukudibanisa iMigca yoMbane: Le nto yenzeka xa umgca wombane udlulisela ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izixhobo emva kokuba zifakweukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic ukusuka kwi-AC okanye kwi-DC umthombo wamandlaOku kubonisa uhlobo olungathanga ngqo lokuphazamiseka kwengxolo yombane isekethe ephindaphindayo ephezulusKubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ingxolo yokunikezelwa kwamandla isenokungabi yinto eyenziwa nguwe, kodwa inokubangelwa kukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, okukhokelela ekubekweni phezulu (okuqhambukayo okanye okuqhutywayo) kwengxolo eveliswa yodwa, ngaloo ndlela iphazamisane nezinye iisekethe okanye izixhobo.
- Amanyathelo Okulwa Nokuphazamiseka Kwengxolo Yokunikezelwa Kombane
Xa kujongwa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizathu zokuphazamiseka kwengxolo yombane ezihlalutyiweyo apha ngasentla, iimeko ezikhokelela kwingxolo yombane zinokuphazanyiswa ngokukodwa, nto leyo ethintela ngempumelelo ukuphazamiseka. Ezi zisombululo zilandelayo ziyacetyiswa:
- Ingqwalasela kwiIbhodi Edlula KwiHoles: Kufuneka ukuba kudlule imingxunyaukuvulwa kokukrolas kwiumaleko wonikezelo lombane ukuze zilungele indlela yazo. Ukuba ukuvulwa komaleko wamandla kukhulu kakhulu, kunokuchaphazela iluphu yesiginali, kunyanzele isiginali ukuba idlule kwaye kwandiswe indawo yeluphu kunye nengxolo. Ukuba imigca ethile yesiginali ixinene kufutshane nokuvulwa kwaye yabelana ngolu luhlu, i-common impedance inokukhokelela kwi-crosstalk.
- Ucingo oluGround Wire olwaneleyo lweeCables: Isignali nganye ifuna iluphu yayo yesignali, apho isignali kunye nendawo yeluphu zigcinwa zincinci kangangoko, ukuqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa okulinganayo.
- Ukubekwa kweFiltha yeNgxolo yoNikezo lwaMandla: Esi sihluzo sithintela ngokufanelekileyo ingxolo yangaphakathi yonikezelo lwamandla, siphucula inkquboukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kunye nokhuseleko. Isebenza njengendlela evulelekileyoIsihluzi seRF, ukucoca ukuphazamiseka kwengxolo okuziswa kumgca wombane (ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izixhobo) kunye nengxolo eveliswa yodwa (ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izixhobo), kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemowudi eqhelekileyo ye-cross-mode.
- Ukuzahlula kuMandlaIsiguquliOku kwahlula i-common-mode ground loop yeintambo yesiginali ye-loop yombane, eyahlula ngempumelelo i-common-mode loop current eyenziwe kwiifrikhwensi eziphezulu.
- Ulawulo lwaMandla: Ukubuyisela umbane ococekileyo kunokunciphisa kakhulu ingxolo yombane.
- Ucingo: Imigca yokufaka kunye neyokukhupha yombane kufuneka igcinwe kude nomphetho webhodi ye-dielectric ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvelisa imitha kunye nokuphazamisana nezinye iisekethe okanye izixhobo.
- Izixhobo zamandla ze-Analog nezeDijithali ezahlukileyo: Izixhobo ezisebenzisa i-frequency ephezulu zihlala zinovakalelo olukhulu kwingxolo yedijithali, ngoko ke ezi zimbini kufuneka zahlulwe kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kunye ekungeneni kombane. Ukuba isignali kufuneka idlule zombini ii-domain ze-analog nezedijithali, i-loop ingafakwa kwisignali ukuze kuncitshiswe indawo ye-loop.
- Kuphephe Ukudibana Kwamandla Ahlukeneyo Phakathi Kwamaleko Ahlukeneyo: Zama ukuwadibanisa ukuze uthintele ingxolo yombane ukuba ingadibani lula ngokusebenzisa amandla e-parasitic.
- Izahlulo zeZinto eziSensitive: Izinto ezifana nee-phase-locked loops (ii-PLL) zinovakalelo olukhulu kwingxolo yombane kwaye kufuneka zigcinwe kude kangangoko kunokwenzeka nombane.
- Ukubekwa kweKhodi yoMbane: Ukubeka umgca wombane ecaleni komgca womqondiso, kunokunciphisa iluphu yomqondiso kwaye kufezekise ukunciphisa ingxolo.
- Ukugungqa kweNdlela edlulayo: Ukuthintela ingxolo eqokelelweyo ebangelwa kukuphazamiseka kombane kwibhodi yesekethe kunye nokuphazamiseka kombane wangaphandle, indlela edlulayo ingasekelwa kwindlela yokuphazamiseka (ngaphandle kwemitha), ivumela ingxolo ukuba idlule emhlabeni kwaye iphephe ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izixhobo kunye nezixhobo.
Ukuququmbela:Ingxolo yombane, nokuba iveliswa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kumbane, iphazamisana nesekethe. Xa kucinezelwa impembelelo yayo kwisekethe, umgaqo jikelele kufuneka ulandelwe: ukunciphisa impembelelo yengxolo yombane kwisekethe ngelixa kuncitshiswa nempembelelo yezinto zangaphandle okanye yesekethe kumbane ukuthintela ukonakala kwengxolo yombane.
