Te tukanga paninga taiao

Ngā ariā taketake me ngā paerewa ture

1. He aha te tukanga paninga tiaki taiao PCBA?

He tukanga paninga i ngā paparanga tiaki taiao ki runga i ngā mata PCBA hei ātete i ngā kino taiao pēnei i te makuku me te rehu tote, me te tutuki i ngā ture pēnei i te RoHS me te REACH.
2. He aha ngā ture me ngā paerewa paninga tiaki taiao e whakamahia whānuitia ana?

Tae atu ki te EU RoHS 2.0, REACH, IPC-CC-830B, me te US MIL-P-46058C (mō te tohutoro ā-ture).
3. He aha te rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā paninga taiao me ngā paninga kore-taiao?

Kāore he konganuku taumaha paitini pēnei i te mata me te cadmium, he matū waro pumau rānei pēnei i te PFOS, me te VOC ≤100g/L; ka nui ake pea ngā paninga kore-taiao i ngā taumata e hiahiatia ana.
4. He aha i hiahiatia ai he paninga tiaki taiao mō te PCBA?

Ko te tere rahunga o ngā PCBA kāore i pania he 40%-60% teitei ake i roto i ngā taiao makuku; ka whakarei ake ngā paninga i te ātete ki te huarere, te whakamarumaru, me te roa o te mahi.

Ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi paninga

5. He aha ngā momo rauemi paninga tiaki taiao e whakamahia whānuitia ana?

Kapia kiriaku (40%), polyurethane (30%), silicone (20%), kapia epoxy (10%).
6. He aha ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā paninga kiriaku?

Ngā Painga: Tere te maroke (maroke te mata
7. He pēhea te mahi a te paninga silicone i ngā pāmahana tiketike?

Ka taea te whakamahi mō te wā roa i te -60℃~200℃, me te pupuri i te tiakitanga mō te 100 hāora i te 250℃, he pai mō ngā āhuatanga pāmahana tiketike.

Te mahi tukanga paninga

8. He aha ngā mahi matua o te tukanga paninga?

Te maimoatanga o mua (te horoi me te tango hinu) → te paninga (te paninga rehu/paraihe/tō) → te whakamaroke → te tirotiro kounga → te mahi anō.
9. He aha ngā tawhā tino pai mō te tukanga rehu?

Ko te pēhanga o te pū rehu he 0.3-0.5MPa, ko te tawhiti o te pūwero he 15-20cm mai i te PCBA, ko te tere neke he 10-15cm/s, ko te matotoru o te paninga he 50-80μm.
10. Me pēhea te whakahaere i te matotoru o te paninga i roto i te paninga tō?

Whakahaerehia mā te tere tuku (5-10cm/s), te tere hiki (3-5cm/s), me te maha o ngā tuku (1-3 ngā wā), me te matotoru tuku kotahi 20-40μm.

Ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu

11. He aha ngā taputapu paninga e whakamahia whānuitia ana?

Ngā mīhini rehu aunoa, ngā mīhini paninga whiriwhiri, ngā mīhini paninga tō, ngā mīhini tohatoha, me ngā oumu whakamaroke tautoko me ngā mīhini tango hau korehau.
12. Ngā wāhi tiaki o ia rā mō ngā mīhini rehu aunoa?

Horoia ngā pūwero me ngā paipa i ia rā, tirohia te kikī o te pūnaha pēhanga hau i ia wiki, whakatikatikahia ngā tawhā rehu i ia marama, ā, whakakapia ngā tātari i ia toru marama.
13. Me pēhea te whakahaere i te aukati o te pūwero i roto i ngā mīhini paninga whiriwhiri?

Horoia ki te MEK kua whakaranua mā te whakamahi i te ultrasonic (40℃, 15min) mā te pupuhi whakamuri rānei ki te hau pēhanga teitei; karohia ngā taputapu koi.
14. He aha ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tāke paninga tuku?

Whakamahia te PP, te kowiri tira rānei hei ātete matū, hei ārai i ngā tauhohenga ki ngā rauemi paninga.
15. Me pēhea te whakarite i te ōritetanga o te pāmahana o ngā oumu whakamaroke?

Whakatikatikahia mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu hopu pāmahana maha-ira (≥9 ngā ira), kia ≤±2℃ te rerekētanga, kia whakatikatikahia ia ono marama.
16. He aha te pānga o ngā rerekētanga o te pēhanga hau i roto i ngā taputapu paninga ki ngā tukanga?

Ka puta te rerekētanga matotoru o te ±10μm ina piki me te heke >±0.05MPa, ka pā ki te ōritetanga; me whakamahi he whakau pēhanga.
17. Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā pū rehu paninga e tika ana?

Kōwhiria te diameter o te pūwero mā te matotoru (0.8-1.2mm mō te matotoru iti, 1.5-2.0mm mō te matotoru teitei), te whakataurite i te atomization me te horahanga rehu.
18. He aha ngā mahi a te pūmanawa hōtaka mō ngā mīhini paninga whiriwhiri?

Tautoko ana i te kawemai whakairoiro, te whakamahere ara, te tautuhinga tawhā (tere/rere/teitei), te karo arai aunoa, me te tahuritanga kōnae Gerber.
19. He aha ngā tikanga ārai-pūmau mō ngā taputapu paninga?

Ko te ātete whenua o ngā taputapu
20. He aha te pānga o te tika o te whakahaere tere ara o te paninga tuku ki te kounga o te paninga?

Me ≤±0.5cm/s te tika; ki te kore, ka pāngia te mahi tiaki e te matotoru kāore i te ōrite.
21. Ngā take me ngā otinga mō ngā ira mā i runga i te mata paninga?

Te haumākū nui (>70%), te mimiti tere rānei o te whakarewa. Whakaitihia te haumākū, whakamahia ngā wai whakamākū puhoi-maroke, tāpirihia rānei he whakamahana-mua.
22. Me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā kōhao iti i roto i te paninga?

Whakaitihia ngā mirumiru rauemi, whakaitihia te tere o te paninga, whakanuia ake ngā paparanga paninga (1→2 ngā wā), tangohia rānei te pahuka mā te korehau i muri i te paninga.
23. Me pēhea te whakaoti i te matotoru o te paninga kāore i te ōrite?

Whakatikatikahia ngā tawhā taputapu (hei tauira, te ōritetanga o te teitei o te pane rehu), tirohia te ōritetanga o te ranunga rauemi, me te arotau i te ara paninga.
24. He aha te take e kōwhai ai te paninga i muri i te whakamaroketanga?

Te pāmahana whakamaroke nui rawa (kei tua atu i te ātete wera o te rauemi) te roa rānei o te wā whakamaroke. Kia kaha te whakahaere i ngā tawhā tukanga.
25. Me pēhea te karo i ngā poke matūriki i runga i te mata paninga?

Kia mau tonu te taiao rūma ma o te akomanga 10,000, me whakamahi ngā tātari 5μm i ngā rauemi tātari, ā, me horoi tonu hoki i ngā taputapu.
26. Me pēhea te whakatau i te ātete whakamarumaru o te paninga kāore i te tino tika?

Tirohia mēnā kei raro i te 40μm te matotoru, kei te kitea rānei he pū kōhao iti/kino, he poke hiko rānei kei runga i te mata PCBA.

Te arotautanga tukanga me te whakahaere utu

27. Me pēhea te whakaiti i te para o ngā rauemi paninga mā te arotau i ngā tukanga?

Whakamahia he paninga whiriwhiri hei utu mō te paninga katoa (whakaitihia te whakamahinga mā te 30%-50%), hangarua ngā rauemi taikaha ki roto i ngā tāke tuku (70%-80% te tere whakaora).
28. He aha ngā tikanga hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te paninga?

Whakapai ake i ngā tawhā taputapu (hei tauira, whakanuia te tere rehu ki te 15cm/s), whakamahia te whakahaere raina huihuinga, whakamahia ngā rauemi maroke tere.
29. He aha ngā huarahi hei whakaiti i ngā utu paninga taiao?

Hokonga nui (whakahekenga utu 10%-15%), whiriwhiria ngā rauemi utu iti (hei tauira, te kiriaku hei utu mō te wāhanga silicone), whakaitihia te tere o te hapa.
30. Me pēhea te whakataurite i te mahi paninga me te utu?

Kōwhiria ngā rauemi kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te hua (hei tauira, te kiriaku mō te whakamahinga ā-iwi, te silicon mō te whakamahinga hōia), arotauhia ngā tukanga hei whakaiti i te mahi anō.
31. He aha ngā tikanga mō te arotau i ngā tawhā tukanga?

Whakamahia te DOE (Hoahoa o ngā Whakamātautau) hei whakamātautau i ngā huinga tawhā (pāmahana, matotoru, tere paninga, me ētahi atu) hei whakatau i ngā uara tino pai.
32. Me pēhea te aromatawai i te whaihua o ngā tukanga hou?

Whakatauritea te mahi (hei tauira, te wā whakamātautau rehu tote), te utu (rauemi + kaimahi + taputapu), me te whai huatanga (putanga wāhanga) i waenga i ngā tukanga tawhito me ngā tukanga hou.
33. Ko ēhea hononga e whakapau kaha ana i roto i ngā tukanga paninga taiao?

Neke atu i te 70% o te kaha e pau ana i te whakamaroke. Whakapaipaihia te whakamahana o te oumu, whakamahia rānei ngā wae whakamahana penapena hiko.
34. Me pēhea te whakapai ake i te taumata aunoatanga o ngā tukanga paninga?

Whakauruhia ngā taputapu paninga atamai me te mātakitaki tirohanga, whakauruhia te pūnaha MES mō te whakatikatika tawhā aunoa.
35. Me pēhea te whakaiti i ngā utu paninga i roto i te hanga iti-papa?

Whakamahia te paninga paraihe/te rehu ā-ringa, te tohatoha taputapu, me te hoko rauemi i runga i te ngāwari.
36. Me pēhea te manatoko i te pānga i muri i te arotautanga tukanga?

Whakatauritea ngā tohu pēnei i te tere o te hapa, te whai huatanga o te whakaputa, me te penapena utu i mua/i muri i te arotakenga (hei tauira, te tere o te hapa 5%→2%).

Te haumaru me te tiaki taiao

37. He aha ngā tūponotanga haumaru o ngā rauemi paninga taiao?

He mura ētahi whakarewa (te ira mura
38. He aha ngā tikanga tiaki mō ngā kaiwhakahaere?

Mauria ngā manawa (te pai o te tātari ≥95%), ngā karapu ātete ki ngā matū, ngā mōhiti kanohi, me ngā teihana horoi kanohi/ngā kaukau ohorere.
39. Me pēhea te whakakore i ngā para o ngā rauemi paninga?

I whakarōpūtia hei para morearea (HW12), me whakahaere e ngā wāhanga whai mana mō te utu tata ki te 2000-3000 yuan/tana.
40. He aha ngā whakaritenga mō te hauhautanga mō ngā awheawhe paninga?

Te tere whakawhiti hau ≥15 ngā wā/haora, kia iti ake te kukū o te VOC i te rohe pānga mahi (hei tauira, te acrylate
41. Me pēhea te ārai i te turuturu me te parahanga o ngā rauemi paninga?

Tāutahia ngā paepae ārai-tātari (te kaha ≥110% o te ipu mōrahi), tirohia ngā hiri o ngā paipa, me te whakatakoto i ngā mahere āwhina ohorere.
42. He aha ngā pūtake matua o ngā tukunga waro i roto i ngā tukanga paninga taiao?

E 80% te nui o te hanga me te whakamaroke rauemi. Whakamahia ngā rauemi ka taea te whakahou, te whakapai ake rānei i te hanganga pūngao.
43. Me pēhea te whakatutuki i te tukunga waipara o te tukanga e ai ki ngā whakaritenga ture?

Me tukatuka te wai para mā te whakakore, te tātari, me te mimiti kia mōhio ai kei roto i te pH 6-9, te COD
44. He aha ngā whakaritenga tiaki ahi mō ngā awheawhe paninga?

Whakaritea kia kotahi te tinei ahi paura maroke mō ia 50 mita, kia tutuki ngā ārai ahi kua whakatakotoria, ā, kia tutuki ngā wāhi rokiroki rauemi i ngā whakaritenga mōrearea ahi Akomanga A.
45. He aha ngā tūponotanga hauora mahi i roto i ngā tukanga paninga taiao?

Ko te nuinga he raupapa benzene me ngā esters mai i te whakarewatanga o te whakarewa waro. Me whai whakamātautau hauora mahi ā-tau.
46. Me pēhea te whakahaere i te aromatawai pānga taiao mō ngā tukanga paninga taiao?

Arotakehia mai i te huringa ora o ngā rauemi, te whakapaunga pūngao, te para, me ētahi atu, ka whakahaere i te LCA (Aromatawai Huringa Ora) e ai ki ngā paerewa ISO14040.

Tono whakaaturanga motuhake

47. He aha ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō ngā paninga taiao i runga i ngā PCBA hiko o ngā motuka?

Me whakaoti i ngā whakamātautau pakeketanga pāmahana teitei 125℃, te rehu tote 1000-haora, te pānga pāmahana iti -40℃, ā, me tutuki hoki i ngā paerewa ISO16750.
48. He aha ngā wero tukanga mō ngā paninga PCBA i roto i te rererangi?

Me urutau ki ngā pāmahana tino kino -55℃~125℃, te pēhanga iti, te kaha o te irahiko, me te paahi i te whakamātautau hau iti a NASA (te ngaronga papatipu katoa ≤1.0%), me te hapa ōrite matotoru
49. He aha ngā paerewa me tutuki i ngā paninga taiao mō ngā taputapu hauora PCBA?

Me whakaoti i ngā whakamātautau hototahitanga koiora ISO10993 (te paitini pūtau, te whakaōrite, me ētahi atu) me ngā paerewa rauemi USP Akomanga VI.
50. He aha ngā arotahi tiaki matua mō ngā paninga PCBA i ngā teihana tūāpapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o waho?

Ātete UV (whakamātautau QUV 2000-hāora), ātete wera makuku (85℃/85%RH 96 hāora), parenga rehu tote (whakamātautau 1500-hāora i ngā rohe takutai).
51. He aha ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō ngā paninga PCBA i ngā taiao teitei?

Me iti te tere o te putanga hau me te ātete ki ngā rerekētanga pāmahana hei ārai i te mimiti i raro i te pēhanga iti me te ngatata/pakaru nā ngā huringa pāmahana.
52. He aha ngā whakaritenga pakari me tutuki i ngā paninga PCBA mō ngā taputapu hōia?

Me tutuki i ngā whakamātautau MIL-STD-810G mō te puehu, te ua, te wiri, me te ātete pānga tae atu ki te 50g te whakaterenga me te kore e rahua.
53. He aha ngā whakaritenga mō ngā paninga taiao i runga i te PCBA i roto i te umanga kai?

Me tutuki ngā paerewa rauemi whakapā kai a te FDA, kia kore ai e heke ngā matū kino, ā, kia ātete hoki ki te waikura o ngā kaihoko horoi.
54. Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi mō ngā paninga PCBA i roto i ngā taiao moana?

Whakaritea ngā kapia silicone, epoxy rānei, he ātete ki te rehu tote neke atu i te 1000 hāora, he ātete ki te waikura wai moana, ā, he kaha ki te ārai i te poke koiora.

Te whakatikatika me te tiaki

55. Me pēhea te whakatika i ngā pakaru ā-rohe o ngā paninga PCBA?

Horoia te wāhi pakaru ki te ethyl acetate, horoia anō, kātahi ka paraihe/horoia hei whakatika i te paninga, whakamarokehia kia rite ki ngā paerewa.
56. Me pēhea te tirotiro i te kounga o ngā paninga kua whakatikatikaina?

Tirohia te āhua, te matotoru, te piri (whakamātautau tapahi whakawhiti), me te ātete whakamarumaru kia rite ai ki te paninga taketake.
57. Ka taea te pani anō i ngā paninga kua tawhito?

Mena kei te pai te āhua o te papa me ngā wāhanga, tangohia te paninga tawhito mā te whakamahi i ngā matū/ā-mīhini ka pania anō, me te tūpato kia kore ai e pakaru te papa hiko.
58. Me pēhea te tiaki i te PCBA me ngā paninga pania?

Kaua e rakuraku, tirohia te āhua i ia wā, whakatikahia ngā mea kua pakaru i te wā tonu, ā, rongoatia ki ngā wāhi hau maroke, kore-waikura.
59. Me pēhea te whakahaere i te hekenga o te mahi o ngā paninga i te wā e whakamahia ana?

Tātarihia ngā pūtake (hei tauira, te koroheketanga o te taiao). Ka taea te whakatika i ngā raruraru ā-rohe; me arotake te pirau nui mō te paninga anō, te whakakapinga PCBA rānei.
60. Me pēhea te ārai i ngā kino tuarua ki te PCBA i te wā e whakatikatika ana?

Whakamahia ngā taputapu ārai-pūmau, whakahaerehia te horopeta o te rongoā horoi, me te tautuhi tika i te whānuitanga o te paninga whakatika hei ārai i te poke o te wāhi kāore e tiaki.
61. Me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā utu whakatika paninga?

Whakamahia te whakatika ā-rohe kaua te paninga whānui, whakamahia ngā rauemi e toe ana i runga i te whakaaro tika, me te arotau i ngā tukanga hei whakaiti i te roa o te mahi.

Ngā hangarau hou me ngā au o te heke mai

62. He aha ngā painga o te hangarau nanocoating i roto i te paninga taiao PCBA?

Ko te matotoru he 1/10-1/5 noa iho o ngā paninga tuku iho (5-20μm), me te ātete kakahu e 3x te pai ake, te ātete waikura e 50% te pai ake, me te tere ake o te whakamaroke.
63. He aha te pānga o te tukanga paninga tānga 3D ki te tiakitanga PCBA?

Ka taea te whakamahi i te paninga ā-rohe kia tika ai, ka tutuki ai ngā hiahia tiaki mō ngā hanganga uaua, ka whakaiti i te para rauemi, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te whakaputa.
64. He aha te ahunga whanaketanga o ngā paninga atamai i roto i te PCBA?

Whakawhanakehia ngā mahi whakaora-ā-iwi (hangarau moroiti) me te urupare taiao (whakatikatika mahi pāmahana/haumākū) hei whakarei ake i te pono.
65. He aha te tirohanga whānui mō te whakamahinga o ngā paninga wai-wai i roto i ngā tukanga taiao PCBA?

Tata kore he ihirangi VOC, he pai rawa te mahi taiao. I te whanaketanga hangarau, kei te pai haere te tere maroke me te piri, e tumanakohia ana ka whakakapi i ētahi paninga whakarewa.
66. He aha te mahi a te whakahaere tukanga matihiko i roto i te paninga PCBA?

Aroturukihia ngā tawhā taputapu me te whakamahinga rauemi mā te IoT, arotauhia ngā tukanga me ngā raraunga nui,

Te tukanga paninga taiao

Ngā ariā taketake me ngā paerewa ture

1. He aha te tukanga paninga tiaki taiao PCBA?

2. He aha ngā ture me ngā paerewa paninga tiaki taiao e whakamahia whānuitia ana?

3. He aha te rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā paninga taiao me ngā paninga kore-taiao?

4. He aha i hiahiatia ai he paninga tiaki taiao mō te PCBA?

Ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi paninga

5. He aha ngā momo rauemi paninga tiaki taiao e whakamahia whānuitia ana?

6. He aha ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā paninga kiriaku?

7. He pēhea te mahi a te paninga silicone i ngā pāmahana tiketike?

Te mahi tukanga paninga

8. He aha ngā mahi matua o te tukanga paninga?

9. He aha ngā tawhā tino pai mō te tukanga rehu?

10. Me pēhea te whakahaere i te matotoru o te paninga i roto i te paninga tō?

Ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu

11. He aha ngā taputapu paninga e whakamahia whānuitia ana?

12. Ngā wāhi tiaki o ia rā mō ngā mīhini rehu aunoa?

13. Me pēhea te whakahaere i te aukati o te pūwero i roto i ngā mīhini paninga whiriwhiri?

14. He aha ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tāke paninga tuku?

15. Me pēhea te whakarite i te ōritetanga o te pāmahana o ngā oumu whakamaroke?

16. He aha te pānga o ngā rerekētanga o te pēhanga hau i roto i ngā taputapu paninga ki ngā tukanga?

17. Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā pū rehu paninga e tika ana?

18. He aha ngā mahi a te pūmanawa hōtaka mō ngā mīhini paninga whiriwhiri?

19. He aha ngā tikanga ārai-pūmau mō ngā taputapu paninga?

20. He aha te pānga o te tika o te whakahaere tere ara o te paninga tuku ki te kounga o te paninga?

21. Ngā take me ngā otinga mō ngā ira mā i runga i te mata paninga?

22. Me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā kōhao iti i roto i te paninga?

23. Me pēhea te whakaoti i te matotoru o te paninga kāore i te ōrite?

24. He aha te take e kōwhai ai te paninga i muri i te whakamaroketanga?

25. Me pēhea te karo i ngā poke matūriki i runga i te mata paninga?

26. Me pēhea te whakatau i te ātete whakamarumaru o te paninga kāore i te tino tika?

Te arotautanga tukanga me te whakahaere utu

27. Me pēhea te whakaiti i te para o ngā rauemi paninga mā te arotau i ngā tukanga?

28. He aha ngā tikanga hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te paninga?

29. He aha ngā huarahi hei whakaiti i ngā utu paninga taiao?

30. Me pēhea te whakataurite i te mahi paninga me te utu?

31. He aha ngā tikanga mō te arotau i ngā tawhā tukanga?

32. Me pēhea te aromatawai i te whaihua o ngā tukanga hou?

33. Ko ēhea hononga e whakapau kaha ana i roto i ngā tukanga paninga taiao?

34. Me pēhea te whakapai ake i te taumata aunoatanga o ngā tukanga paninga?

35. Me pēhea te whakaiti i ngā utu paninga i roto i te hanga iti-papa?

36. Me pēhea te manatoko i te pānga i muri i te arotautanga tukanga?

Te haumaru me te tiaki taiao

37. He aha ngā tūponotanga haumaru o ngā rauemi paninga taiao?

38. He aha ngā tikanga tiaki mō ngā kaiwhakahaere?

39. Me pēhea te whakakore i ngā para o ngā rauemi paninga?

40. He aha ngā whakaritenga mō te hauhautanga mō ngā awheawhe paninga?

41. Me pēhea te ārai i te turuturu me te parahanga o ngā rauemi paninga?

42. He aha ngā pūtake matua o ngā tukunga waro i roto i ngā tukanga paninga taiao?

43. Me pēhea te whakatutuki i te tukunga waipara o te tukanga e ai ki ngā whakaritenga ture?

44. He aha ngā whakaritenga tiaki ahi mō ngā awheawhe paninga?

45. He aha ngā tūponotanga hauora mahi i roto i ngā tukanga paninga taiao?

46. ​​Me pēhea te whakahaere i te aromatawai pānga taiao mō ngā tukanga paninga taiao?

Tono whakaaturanga motuhake

47. He aha ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō ngā paninga taiao i runga i ngā PCBA hiko o ngā motuka?

48. He aha ngā wero tukanga mō ngā paninga PCBA i roto i te rererangi?

49. He aha ngā paerewa me tutuki i ngā paninga taiao mō ngā taputapu hauora PCBA?

50. He aha ngā arotahi tiaki matua mō ngā paninga PCBA i ngā teihana tūāpapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o waho?

51. He aha ngā whakaritenga motuhake mō ngā paninga PCBA i ngā taiao teitei?

52. He aha ngā whakaritenga pakari me tutuki i ngā paninga PCBA mō ngā taputapu hōia?

53. He aha ngā whakaritenga mō ngā paninga taiao i runga i te PCBA i roto i te umanga kai?

54. Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi mō ngā paninga PCBA i roto i ngā taiao moana?

Te whakatikatika me te tiaki

55. Me pēhea te whakatika i ngā pakaru ā-rohe o ngā paninga PCBA?

56. Me pēhea te tirotiro i te kounga o ngā paninga kua whakatikatikaina?

57. Ka taea te pani anō i ngā paninga kua tawhito?

58. Me pēhea te tiaki i te PCBA me ngā paninga pania?

59. Me pēhea te whakahaere i te hekenga o te mahi o ngā paninga i te wā e whakamahia ana?

60. Me pēhea te ārai i ngā kino tuarua ki te PCBA i te wā e whakatikatika ana?

61. Me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā utu whakatika paninga?

Ngā hangarau hou me ngā au o te heke mai

62. He aha ngā painga o te hangarau nanocoating i roto i te paninga taiao PCBA?

63. He aha te pānga o te tukanga paninga tānga 3D ki te tiakitanga PCBA?

64. He aha te ahunga whanaketanga o ngā paninga atamai i roto i te PCBA?

65. He aha te tirohanga whānui mō te whakamahinga o ngā paninga wai-wai i roto i ngā tukanga taiao PCBA?

66. He aha te mahi a te whakahaere tukanga matihiko i roto i te paninga PCBA?

46. Me pēhea te whakahaere i te aromatawai pānga taiao mō ngā tukanga paninga taiao?