PCB kōhao matapo

Ko te arai matapo he arai e hono ana i te paparanga o waho me te paparanga o roto o te PCB me te kore e uru ki te papa katoa. He maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā PCB he nui ake i te whā ngā paparanga, ā, ka taea te whakanui ake i te kiato o ngā wāhanga mā te 15%-20%.

Ko te via tanumia he via e hono ana i ngā paparanga o roto e rua, neke atu rānei, o te PCB, me te kore e hono ki ngā paparanga o waho, ā, ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te maha o ngā paparanga me te whakapai ake i te pono o te tohu.

Ka hono ngā via matapo i tētahi paparanga o roto me tētahi paparanga o waho, ka uru paku ki te papa; ka hono ngā via tanumia i ngā paparanga o roto maha, ka uru katoa ki ngā paparanga kua honoa, ā, kāore e taea te tirotiro kanohi.

Ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te kiato o ngā wāhanga, te whakarato waea ngāwari, te whakaiti i ngā utu, te whakapai ake i te pono o te tohu, me te whakaiti i te kaha o te pirinoa.

E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā hua he nui te wāhi me te mahi e hiahiatia ana pērā i ngā waea pūkoro, ngā papa, ngā taputapu hauora, me ngā rorohiko kounga teitei.

Ko te iti rawa mō te keri taiaho he 0.1mm, ā, ko te iti rawa mō te keri tuku iho he 0.15mm.

Ko te whānui o ngā poka tanumia he 0.3mm - 0.5mm te nuinga.

Mō te keri tuku iho, ko te ōwehenga hohonu-ki-te-whānui he 0.75:1.

Pērā i ngā vias matapo, ko te ōwehenga hohonu-ki-te-whānui o ngā vias tanumia mā te keri tuku iho me whakahaere hoki i raro i te

Āe, nā te mea he uaua ā rātou tukanga hanga, e hiahia ana kia nui ake ngā tukanga, kia tika ake ngā taputapu, me te whakamātautau pakari, ka piki ake ai ngā utu.

I puta mai hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te whakaitiiti me te whakaurunga teitei o ngā hua hiko, me te whakapai ake i te kiato o te ara iahiko o ngā PCB.

Ka honoa e rātou tētahi paparanga o roto me tētahi paparanga o waho.

E hono ana ēnei i ngā paparanga o roto e rua, neke atu rānei, ā, kāore e hono ki ngā paparanga o waho.

Nā te mea kāore e uru ki roto i te hanganga puranga katoa o te papa, he iti ake te wāhi e nohoia ana e rātou i ngā kōhao whakakikoruatia noa, e āhei ai te whakanoho i ngā wāhanga ki ngā kiki.

Mā te peke i ngā paparanga o waho, ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa te whakamahi i ngā paparanga whakapiri iti ake i te wā e whakatakoto ana i ngā paparanga o roto.

Ki te whakaritea ki ngā poka tuku iho, he poto ake te ara o ngā via matapo, ka taea te whakapai ake i te pono o te tohu ki tētahi taumata, engari he ngoikore ake i ngā via tanumia.

Nā te mea kāore e hono atu ki ngā paparanga o waho, he iti te kaha o te pirinoa e whakaputaina ana, ā, he pai ake tēnei hei whakapai ake i te mahi auau-tiketike.

Kāore i te rite te pai ki ngā via tanumia. Ka taea e ngā via tanumia te ārai i ngā tohu pokanoa mai i ngā paparanga o waho kei hono atu ki ngā tohu o te paparanga o roto, i te mea ka hono ngā via matapo ki ngā paparanga o waho, nō reira he iti noa te pānga tiaki.

Via Matapo; Via Tanumia.

He nui te ōwehenga o ēnei i roto i ngā mara PCB kounga teitei me te matotoru, ā, nā te whakaitiitinga o ngā hua hiko, kei te piki haere te ōwehenga.

Me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te rahi o te pūaha, te hōhonutanga o te kōhao, te ōwehenga hōhonutanga-ki-te whānui, te whakaritenga o waenga-paparanga, te pono o te tohu, te mararatanga wera, me te utu.

Ko te whānui iti rawa o te mowhiti porowhita mō ngā via tanumia me ngā via matapo he 0.15mm, ā, mō ngā via matapo taiaho, he 0.10mm.

Ka whakatauhia i runga i te tūranga o te paparanga o roto e hiahiatia ana me te matotoru o te papa, ā, me whakahaere tika kia mōhio ai kei te tū tika te paparanga.

Kia tūpato ki te whakarite tika i waenga i ngā paparanga, karohia ngā taupatupatu ki ētahi atu vias, ki ngā tohu rānei, me te whakamahere tika i ngā tūranga hei arotau i te tuku tohu.

Ae, engari mā te hoahoa whakawhiti ka nui ake te uauatanga me te utu o te hanga, ā, me karohia i ngā wā katoa e taea ana.

Ka taea e ia te whakangāwari ake i te hanganga tāpae, te whakaiti i te maha o ngā paparanga, me te arotau i te tuku tohu, engari ka whakapiki ake i te uauatanga o te hanga.

Whakamaheretia te maha, te rahi, me te momo o ngā vias, karohia te hoahoa nui rawa, ā, tīpakohia ngā tukanga hanga e tika ana.

Whakamahia mō te hononga titi i roto i te takai BGA, ka taea te whakaiti i te toenga tohu me te whakapai ake i te kiato ara.

Ngāna kia whakapotohia te roa o ngā via tanumia, kia whakaitihia te maha o ngā via, kia poto, kia tika hoki te tuku tohu, kia whakaitihia hoki te ngaronga tohu.

Ka taea te tuku i te wera ki te wāhi e marara ana te wera mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te hononga papa wera hei karo i te kukū o te wera huri noa i ngā vias.

Hononga tika, hononga rānei mā roto i ngā papa roimata hei whakarite i te hononga haumaru, pono hoki.

He hononga pono, he kawe hiko pai, ā, he karo i ngā raruraru whakapā ngoikore me ngā raruraru ara iahiko tuwhera.

Ko te tawhiti mai i te ara ki te ara me te papa he >=0.25mm, ā, ko te whānui o te papa wehe he >= whānui o te wiri + 0.6mm.

Whakaitihia te rahi o ngā vias, whakatakotoranga tika, whakapotohia te ara tohu, ā, ko ngā vias tanumia kāore e hono ana ki ngā paparanga o waho ka taea te whakaiti i te kaha pirinoa.

Ka pāngia te tinana e te kore whakahaere tika. Hei tauira, mā te nui rawa, te maha rawa, te kore rānei e taurite te tohatoha o ngā vias ka whakaiti i te kaha ā-ringa.

Whakamaheretia ngā tūranga o ngā vias me ngā tohu i runga i te whakaaro tika, whai i ngā mātāpono o te pono o te tohu, ā, whakamahia ngā tikanga tiaki ina hiahiatia.

Whāia ngā mātāpono o te ara poto rawa, te tohu tino pai, te karo i ngā taupatupatu, me te ngāwari o te hanga.

Whakatakotoria ngā via me ngā tohu i runga i te tikanga tika, whakaitihia te horahanga o ngā koropiko o ia au, me te whakamahi i ngā mahi pēnei i te ārai i ngā paparanga.

Mā te maha tika o ngā vias ka pai ake te mahi, engari mā te maha rawa ka nui ake te pokanoa o te tohu, ka whakaiti i te kaha ā-ringa, ka piki ake hoki ngā utu.

Whakaritea ngā tūranga o ngā vias kia rite ki ngā tūranga o ngā pine wāhanga me te ahunga rere o te tohu kia māmā ake ai te hononga.

Ko ngā tikanga matua ko te keri ā-ringa me te keri taiaho. He pai te keri ā-ringa mō ngā kōhao nui, ā, he tino tika te keri taiaho, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā kōhao iti.

I te nuinga o te wā, i mua i te whakarārangi i ngā papa papa-maha, ka hangaia ngā vias tanumia i waenga i ngā paparanga o roto mā roto i ngā tukanga pēnei i te keri me te whakakikorua parahi.

He iti ake te tika o te keri i te keri taiaho. Ko te whānui o te kōhao he nui ake i te 0.15mm, ā, ko te ōwehenga hohonu-ki-te-whānui he

He tino tika, ka taea te hanga i te kōhao iti rawa o te 0.1mm, te ōwehenga hohonu-ki-te-whānui >0.75:1, ā, he iti noa te kino ki te papa.

Whakamahia ngā pūnaha tūnga tino tika, me te whakahaere tino i ngā tukanga pēnei i te keri me te whakarārangi.

Te whakahaere tika i te hohonutanga, te karo i te pekapeka keri, me te whakarite i te kounga o te pakitara mā me te pānga whakakikorua parahi.

Ngā raruraru pēnei i te he o te tūnga o ngā paparanga, te whakakikoruatanga parahi ngoikore i roto i te via, me ngā pakitara via taratara.

Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia te whakakotahitanga o te whakakikorua parahi kore-hiko me te whakakikorua hiko hei whakarite kia pai te kawe hiko o te pakitara via.

Ko te whakaritenga whānui kia kaua e iti iho i te 18μm te matotoru o te whakakikorua parahi, kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga hua.

E hiahiatia ana he taiao ma, he pumau hoki te pāmahana me te haumākū hei whakaiti i te pānga o te puehu me ngā huringa o te pāmahana me te haumākū ki te tukanga.

E hiahiatia ana ngā taputapu keri tino tika, ngā taputapu whakakikorua parahi, ngā taputapu whakapiri, me ētahi atu, ā, he nui ake ngā whakaritenga mō ngā taumata taputapu keri taiaho.

Ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te rahi o te pūaha, te rahinga, ngā whakaritenga tika, te tukanga hanga, me te utu taputapu.

Whakahaerehia te tika o te keri, te kounga o te pakitara poka, te kounga o te whakakikorua parahi, te tika o te whakaritenga i waenga i ngā paparanga, me ētahi atu.

Tirotiro tirohanga, ine i te pūaha, ine i te tūnga o te kōhao, te kimi i te matotoru o te whakakikorua parahi, te whakamātautau mahi hiko, me ētahi atu.

Te whakarōpū me te hangarua, te whakaora me te whakamahine i ngā para whakarewa, me te whakakore atu i ētahi atu para i runga anō i ngā whakaritenga tiaki taiao.

He nui te kaha e pau ana i te keri taiaho, ā, he rerekē te kaha e pau ana i te tukanga hanga katoa i runga i te tukanga me ngā taputapu.

Whakapai ake i te tika, whakaitihia ngā utu, whakapotohia ngā huringa whakaputa, me te whakapiki ake i te hua.

Me tiaki ngā kaiwhakahaere hei ārai i te kino o te taiaho me te waikura matū, ā, me tiaki me te tirotiro i ngā taputapu i ia wā.

Pērā i te hangarau keri taiaho tino tika, ngā tukanga whakakikorua parahi hou, me ētahi atu.

He paerewa ahumahi e tika ana, ā, he paerewa ā-roto anō hoki ā ngā umanga hei whakarite i te ōritetanga o te tukanga me te pumau o te kounga.

Mā te tirotiro tirohanga, te ine i te pūaha, te ine i te hohonu o te kōhao, te kimi i te matotoru o te whakakikorua parahi, te whakamātautau haere tonu o te hiko, me ētahi atu.

Nā te tirotiro kore-tirohanga, ka kitea te tūnga o ngā paparanga mā te hihi-X, ka kitea te kawe hiko mā te whakamātautau mahi hiko, ā, ka inehia te matotoru o te whakakikorua parahi, me ētahi atu.

He taratara ngā pakitara o te kōhao, he rerekē te kōhao, he koretake te hohonu o te kōhao, he koretake te whakakikorua parahi, he mea ke kei roto i te kōhao, me ētahi atu.

Te rerekētanga o te whakaritenga o waenga-paparanga, ngā āputa parahi whakakikorua, ngā ara iahiko tuwhera, te kāpia toenga i roto i te kōhao, me ētahi atu.

I runga i te momo hapa, ka taea te keri anō, te whakakikorua anō ki te parahi, te tango rānei i ngā mea ke. Mēnā he kino rawa ngā hapa, me waru pea.

He uaua ki te whakatika i ngā raruraru pēnei i te rerekētanga o te tūnga o ngā paparanga. Mō ngā āputa parahi, ka taea te whakamātau i te whakakikorua anō i te parahi, ā, me waru i ngā wā tino kino.

I raro i te whakamahinga me te tiaki noa, he rite ki te roa o te ora o te PCB, ā, ka taea te mahi i roto i te huringa ora o ngā hua hiko whānui.

Tērā pea ka puta ngā raruraru pēnei i te waikura o te paparanga parahi, ngā ara iahiko tuwhera, me te tuku tohu rerekē.

Whakamahia ngā mahi tiaki, karohia ngā taiao kino pēnei i te haumākū me te pāmahana tiketike, me te whakahaere i ngā tirotiro me ngā mahi tiaki i ia wā.

Kei te taiao whakamahinga me ngā whakaritenga o te hua. Ko te tikanga, ka tirotirohia katoatia ngā hua hiko i te wā e hangaia ana, ā, ka whakamātauria hoki i ia wā i te wā e whakamahia ana.

Ngā karu hiko, ngā taputapu ine i te pūaha, ngā taputapu tirotiro hihi-X, ngā taputapu whakamātautau mahi hiko, me ētahi atu.

I runga i ngā paerewa ahumahi me ngā whakaritenga hoahoa hua, pērā i te ātete ki te whakatuwheratanga, ngā paerewa matotoru whakakikorua parahi, me ētahi atu.

Kia ma, kia karohia ngā pānga o waho, ā, tirohia tonutia te āhua me te mahi hiko.

Tērā pea ka waikura te paparanga parahi i ngā taiao makuku, ka pā ki te kawe hiko me te tuku tohu. Me whai tikanga ārai makuku.

Ka taea e te pāmahana teitei te whakawhanui me te whakarerekē i te rauemi, ka pā ki te tika o ngā kōhao me te pono o ngā hononga. Me whai whakaaro ki te whakamararatanga wera me te ātete pāmahana teitei o te rauemi.

Ka taea e te hoahoa whaitake te ātete i te pokanoa hikohiko ki tētahi taumata, ki te kore ka puta he raruraru pēnei i te whakapōturitanga tohu.

Whakatauritea ki ngā uara paerewa, tātarihia ngā take o ngā pekapeka, whakatauhia mēnā kei roto i ngā awhe e whakaaetia ana, ā, whakaratohia he pūtake mō te whakapai ake i te tukanga.

He mea tika te tutuki i ngā paerewa tirotiro, ā, kāore e tika ana te hipa i te awhe manawanui, te pāngia rānei e ngā hapa.

Te wā tiaki, ngā kaimahi tiaki, ngā ihirangi tiaki, ngā raraunga tirotiro, ngā raruraru i kitea me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere, me ētahi atu

Nā te hiahia mō ngā taputapu me ngā hangarau ngaio, he nui te utu mō te tirotiro, inā koa kei runga i ngā taonga me te rahinga o ngā mea e tirohia ana.

Whakamahia mō ngā raina tuku tohu hei whakanui ake i te kiato waea me te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te tuku tohu tere-tiketike me te auau-tiketike.

Whakamahia ana i roto i ngā waeine whakahaere motuka, ngā pūoko, me ētahi atu, hei whakapai ake i te whakaurunga, hei whakaiti i te oro, hei whakarei ake i te pono.

E whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu hiko rererangi hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te whakaitiiti, te mahi teitei, me te pono teitei.

Ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i te hoahoa iti, te whakapai ake i te whakaurunga o ngā wāhanga, me te urutau ki ngā whakaritenga pakari o ngā taputapu mau mō te wāhi me te mahi.

Whakapai ake i te tika me te pono o ngā taputapu hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā taputapu hauora mō te whakaiti me te mahi teitei.

Whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūmana ahumahi, ngā taputapu, me ētahi atu, hei whakarei ake i te pumau me te whakaurunga o te pūnaha.

E whanake ana kia teitei ake te kiato, kia iti ake te rahi, kia tere ake hoki te tuku tohu.

Hei tauira, he nui te pono o ngā taputapu hauora, ā, he tere te tuku tohu mō ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero 5G.

Tirohia mēnā kua wetekina te paparanga parahi, mēnā he mea ke kei roto i te kōhao, ā, mēnā he pai te hononga ki te tohu. Whakamahia he taputapu whakamātautau hiko mō te whakanoho.

Tirohia te rerekētanga o te tūnga o waenga-paparanga, ngā hapa whakakikorua parahi, me ngā pūtake pokanoa e karapoti ana, ka tātarihia mā te whakamātautau tohu.

Ka taea te whakahoki i te waikura iti i muri i te horoinga, ā, i ngā wā tino kino me whakakapi te PCB, ngā wāhanga rānei e pā ana.

Tirohia mēnā he poto ngā ara iahiko, ka arotau i te hoahoa marara wera, pēnei i te tāpiri i ngā totohu wera me te whakapai ake i te hauhautanga.

Mā te hoahoa me te whakatika tika ka taea te whakarite i te pono, ki te kore ka puta he raruraru pēnei i te kore hononga.

Ka waikura ngāwari te paparanga whakakikorua parahi i te rehu tote, ā, me whakamahi i ngā tikanga tiaki pēnei i ngā rauemi ātete-waikura, i ngā paninga rānei.

I ngā taiao teitei, ka pā pea ngā panonitanga o te hau angiangi me te wera ki te mahi, ā, me whai hoahoa kua whakaritea.

Ka nui ake te haumākū, ka nui ake te tūponotanga ka waikura te paparanga whakakikorua parahi, ka pā ki te kawe hiko me te tuku tohu.

Ka taea e te pāmahana teitei te whakawhanui me te whakapēhanga i te rauemi, ā, ka taea e te pāmahana iti te pakarukaru i te rauemi, ka pā ki te pono o te hononga.

Tērā pea ka pakaru te paparanga parahi, ka hua ake he ara iahiko tuwhera, ka pāngia rānei te tuku tohu. Me whai tiaki hiko pūmau.

Te tahora whaitake, ngā mahi tiaki, te hoahoa tohu kua arotauhia, me ētahi atu.

Āe, ka heke pea te mahi nā te kakahu o te paparanga parahi, te waikura, me ētahi atu, e hiahiatia ana te tirotiro me te tiaki i ia wā.