AOI, X-ray, ICT, FCT

Ko te AOI he whakarāpopototanga mō te Automated Optical Inspection. Ka whakamahia e ia ngā kāmera whatu hei hopu i ngā whakaahua PCB, hei whakarite ki ngā whakaahua paerewa, ā, ka kitea aunoa ngā hapa pēnei i ngā wāhanga ngaro, ngā wāhanga hē, te whakahurihuri o te polarity, te offset, te bridging, me ētahi atu i te wā o te tukanga whakatakotoranga wāhanga, hei whakarite i te kounga o te hua me te whakapai ake i te hua whakaputa.

Ka whakamahia e te AOI te kaupapa o te whakaahua whatu. Ka whakamāramahia te PCB ki tētahi pūtake mārama, ka hopukina e te kāmera te ahua, kātahi ka tangohia e te pūnaha tukatuka ahua ngā āhuatanga o te wāhanga. Ka whakaritea ēnei āhuatanga ki ngā raraunga ahua paerewa kua whakaritea i mua hei whakatau mēnā he hapa whakatakotoranga kei roto i ngā wāhanga.

Me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tika o te kitenga (me tutuki ngā whakaritenga tika o te whakatakotoranga wāhanga, hei tauira, me eke te tika ki te ±0.02mm ina kitea ngā wāhanga 0201), te tere o te kitenga (kia rite ki te huringa raina whakaputa), ngā mahi pūmanawa (me ngā rauropi kitenga whai rawa, te hōtaka ngāwari, me te tātari raraunga), me te tauine (te tautoko i te kitenga o ngā PCB o ngā rahi rerekē me te hototahi ki ngā momo wāhanga).

Ko ngā momo pūtake mārama noa ko ngā pūtake mārama mā, ngā pūtake mārama whero, ngā pūtake mārama kikorangi, me ngā pūtake mārama āhua porowhita. Ka whakaratohia e ngā pūtake mārama mā te whānuitanga katoa, ā, he pai mō te kimi whānui. He pai ngā pānga kimi a ngā pūtake mārama whero ki ngā pepa parahi me ngā hononga honohono. He teitei te rerekētanga o ngā pūtake mārama kikorangi ki ngā kopare honohono kakariki. Ka taea e ngā pūtake mārama āhua porowhita te whakaiti i ngā atarangi, ā, he pai mō te kimi i ngā wāhanga uaua me ngā PCB he rerekē te teitei.

Me whakarite kia ma te mata o te PCB, kāore he poke pēnei i te puehu me te hinu. Tirohia mēnā he mārama, he oti hoki ngā tohu tūnga PCB kia taea ai e te taputapu AOI te tautuhi me te whakanoho tika. Mō ngā PCB e rua ngā taha, me wehewehe mārama te mata kimi kia kore ai e hē te kimi.

Kei roto i ngā tawhā kitenga ko ngā tawhā hopu whakaahua (pēnei i te wā whakaatu, te whakanui, te rerekētanga), ngā tawhā rauropi kitenga (pēnei i te paepae, te aro ki te kitenga taha), me ngā tawhā rohe kitenga (te tautuhi i ngā rohe wāhanga hei kitea me ngā wāhi kāore e arohia). I te nuinga o te wā, e ai ki te hoahoa PCB, ngā momo wāhanga, me ngā tukanga whakaputa, me arotau ngā tawhā mā te patuiro me te kimi whakamātautau kia tutuki ai ngā hua kitenga pai rawa atu.

Ka taea e te AOI te kite i ngā hapa pēnei i ngā wāhanga ngaro (ngā wāhanga kāore i whakanohoia), ngā wāhanga hē (ngā tauira wāhanga hē), te polarity whakamuri (polarity - ngā wāhanga tairongo me te polarity whakamuri), te taurite wāhanga (te tūranga e nui ake ana i te manawanui e whakaaetia ana), te hononga honohono (te honohono e hono ana i ngā papa tata), te kino o te wāhanga (te kino o te āhua), te whakatō urupā wāhanga (tetahi pito o te wāhanga), me ētahi atu.

Ina kitea e te AOI tētahi hapa, ka tohua aunoatia e ia te wāhi me te momo hapa, ā, ka whakaputa i tētahi karere whakaoho. Me wehe e ngā kaiwhakahaere te PCB hapa e ai ki te tohu whakaoho, kātahi ka whakaū anō mā te tirotiro ā-ringa, mā ētahi atu tikanga kimi rānei. Kātahi ka whakatikahia, ka whakakorea rānei te PCB e ai ki te momo hapa.

Whakahāngaitia ngā kāmera me ngā pūtake mārama o te taputapu AOI i ia wā kia tika ai te hopu whakaahua. Arotauhia ngā tawhā kimi me te whakarerekē i ngā rauropi mō ngā momo wāhanga me ngā hoahoa PCB rerekē. Whakahōuhia te whare pukapuka wāhanga me ngā raraunga whakaahua paerewa i te wā tika kia urutau ki ngā hua me ngā tukanga hou. Whakarato whakangungu ngaio mō ngā kaiwhakahaere hei whakapai ake i ō rātou pūkenga whakatau tawhā - tautuhinga me te hapa.

Ko te mahi tiaki o ia rā ko te horoi i te mata o te taputapu, ngā karāhe arotahi, me ngā pūtake mārama hei ārai i te puehu kei pā ki te kounga o te ahua. Tirohia tonutia te āhua o ngā wāhanga miihini o te taputapu (pēnei i ngā ara ārahi me ngā tīwiri mata), pania ki te hinu me te whakamau. Tirohia ngā hononga hiko. Whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mahi me ngā whakatikatika i runga i te taputapu i ia wā hei whakarite kia pumau te mahi kimi.

Ko ngā painga ko te tere o te kimi, ka taea te whakamahi mō te kimi ipurangi i te wā tūturu; he iti te utu; me te kaha ki te kite ā-kanohi i te āhua o te wāhanga me ngā hapa o te mata. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga ko te kore e taea te kite i ngā hapa o ngā hononga honohono huna (pērā i ngā hononga honohono o roto o te BGA me te CSP), ā, he iti noa te kaha ki te kite mō ngā hapa iti (pērā i ngā āputa iti iho i te 50μm). Ka taea e te tirotiro hihi-X te kite i ngā hapa o roto, engari he puhoi, he utu nui hoki.

Ko ngā mahi matua o te pūmanawa AOI ko te kohikohi me te tukatuka whakaahua, te whakarite kaupapa tirotiro (te tautuhi i te rohe tirotiro, te whakatakoto i ngā tawhā tirotiro, te whiriwhiri i ngā rauropi tirotiro), te mohio me te whakarōpū hapa, te whakaatu me te tuhi i ngā hua tirotiro, te tātari raraunga me ngā tatauranga (te whakaputa pūrongo hua, ngā tūtohi tohatoha hapa, me ētahi atu), me te taunekeneke raraunga me ētahi atu taputapu raina whakaputa (pēnei i ngā mīhini tiki-me-te-whakanoho me ngā teihana mahi anō).

Ko ētahi o ngā take ko te whakatakotoranga koretake o ngā tawhā kitenga (pēnei i te paepae teitei rawa, iti rawa rānei), te mōhiotanga hē o te ahua nā te whakaata o te mata o te wae, te rerekētanga o te tae, te pokanoa mai i ngā paru, i ngā mea ke rānei i runga i te mata PCB, te poke o te arotahi o te taputapu AOI, o te pūtake mārama rānei, me ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā ahua paerewa i roto i te whare pukapuka wae me ngā wae tuturu.

Whakatikatika anō i ngā tawhā kitenga, ā, arotauhia te paepae me te arotautanga mā te whakamātautau kitenga. Horoia te mata PCB hei tango i ngā paru me ngā mea tauhou. Horoia, whakakapia rānei ngā karāhe me ngā pūtake mārama kua poke. Whakahōuhia ngā whakaahua paerewa i roto i te whare pukapuka wāhanga kia rite ai ki ngā wāhanga tuturu. Whakamahia he maha ngā rauropi kitenga hei whakakī i a rātou anō, hei whakaiti hoki i ngā herenga o tētahi rauropi kotahi.

He pai te āheinga o ngā taputapu AOI hou ki te whakawhanui. Ka taea te whakarite i te rohe tirotiro me ngā tawhā mā roto i ngā tautuhinga pūmanawa kia urutau ki ngā PCB o ngā rahi rerekē. Mō ngā momo PCB rerekē (pēnei i ngā papa pakari, ngā papa ngāwari, ngā papa pakari - ngāwari), mena kei roto i ngā kaha kimi o te taputapu, ka taea te whakatutuki i te kimi whai hua mā te whakarite i ngā tukanga kimi me ngā tawhā e rite ana.

Ko te tikanga, ka tāutahia te AOI i muri i te mīhini tiki-ā-tū, me mua hoki i te whakapiringa-anō, kia kitea ai ngā hapa o te whakatakotoranga o ngā wāhanga i te wā tika, kia kore ai hoki e uru ngā hua hapa ki te tukanga whakapiringa-anō, kia iti ake ai ngā utu mahi anō. Ka taea hoki te tāuta i muri i te whakapiringa-anō kia kitea ai te kounga o te whakapiringa, engari ki te kitea he raruraru i tēnei wā, ka piki ake te uauatanga me te utu o te mahi anō.

Mā te tātari i ngā raraunga kitenga AOI, tatauhia ngā tere puta me te tohatoha o ngā hapa rerekē hei tautuhi i ngā hononga ngoikore i roto i te tukanga whakaputa. Hei tauira, mēnā he maha ngā wā ka puta te hapa taurite o tētahi momo wāhanga, ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā whakatakotoranga o te mīhini tiki-me-te-whakanoho. Mēnā he maha ngā hapa hono, ka taea te arotau i te tukanga tā whakapiri whakapiri, te kōtaha pāmahana whakapiri hurihuri rānei.

Mā te tirotiro hihi-X ka whakamahia ngā hihi-X hei uru ki roto i te PCB me ngā wāhanga. I runga i ngā rerekētanga o te mimiti o ngā rauemi rerekē ki ngā hihi-X, ka puta he whakaahua hina-kiwi, ā, ka kitea ngā hapa o roto i te whakatakotoranga PCB, pērā i ngā āputa, te whakapiringa makariri, me te kore e mākū i roto i ngā hononga whakapiri o ngā wāhanga kua takaihia pērā i te BGA me te CSP, tae atu ki ngā hanganga o roto rerekē o ngā wāhanga me ngā mea ke, kia pai ai te kounga me te pono o te hua.

He āheinga te uru o ngā hihi-X. Ina whiti ngā hihi-X ki te PCB, nā te rerekētanga o te kaha mimiti o ngā matū rerekē i runga i te PCB (pēnei i te parahi, te whakarewa, te takai kirihou, me ētahi atu) ki ngā hihi-X, ka rerekē te kaha o ngā hihi-X i muri i te haere i roto i te PCB. Ka whiwhi te pūoko i ēnei hihi-X o ngā kaha rerekē, ka huri hei tohu hiko, kātahi ka tukatukahia, ka hurihia hei whakaahua hina. Ka taea te aromatawai i te hanganga o roto me ngā āhuatanga hapa mā te tātari i ngā whakaahua.

Me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tika o te kitenga (me āhei ki te wehewehe i ngā hapa iti, pēnei i ngā āputa hononga honohono taumata-maikorona), te whakanui (te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga kitenga o ngā wāhanga o ngā rahi rerekē), te tere kitenga (e ōrite ana ki te huringa raina whakaputa), te taumira whakaahua (mā te taumira teitei ka āwhina ki te tirotiro mārama i ngā taipitopito), te āheinga ki te tauine taputapu (te tautoko i te kitenga o ngā PCB o ngā rahi rerekē me te hototahi ki ngā momo aratau kitenga), me ngā mahi pūmanawa (me ngā mahi pēnei i te tātari whakaahua, te mohio hapa, me ngā tatauranga raraunga).

Ko ngā momo noa ko ngā taputapu tirotiro hihi-X 2D me ngā taputapu tirotiro hihi-X 3D (pērā i ngā taputapu tirotiro CT). He tino māmā te hanganga o ngā taputapu 2D, ā, he iti ake te utu, ā, ka taea te kite i ngā hapa o te mata me ētahi hapa o roto o ngā PCB. Ka taea e ngā taputapu 3D te tiki whakaahua maha-paparanga me te whakatutuki i te whakaahua 3D, ka taea te kite tika ake i ngā hapa o roto o ngā wāhanga he uaua te hanganga, engari he nui te utu o ngā taputapu, ā, he puhoi te tere o te kite.

I te nuinga o te wā, kāore e hiahiatia he maimoatanga motuhake i mua, engari me whakarite kia ma te mata o te PCB, kāore he paru e kitea ana, me ngā mea ke; tangohia ngā taupoki parepare whakarewa me ētahi atu taputapu kei runga i te PCB ka pā ki te tirotiro; mō ngā PCB paparanga maha, mēnā e mōhiotia ana kāore ētahi paparanga e hiahiatia ana mō te tirotiro, ka taea te whakatakoto ki roto i te pūmanawa tirotiro hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te tirotiro.

Ko ngā tawhā kitenga ko te ngaohiko ngongo me te ia ngongo o ngā hihi-X (e pā ana ki te kaha me te urunga o ngā hihi-X), te wā whakaatu (e pā ana ki te kanapa me te māramatanga o te ahua), te whakanui (ka whakarerekētia kia rite ki te rahi o te wāhanga me ngā whakaritenga kitenga), te koki kitenga (mō ngā taputapu tirotiro 3D, me whakatakoto ngā koki rerekē mō te matawai), me ētahi atu. I te nuinga o te wā, e ai ki te rauemi, te matotoru o te PCB, me ngā momo wāhanga, me arotau ngā tawhā mā te patuiro me te kimi whakamātautau kia whiwhi ai i ngā whakaahua tirotiro pai rawa atu.

Ka taea e te hihi-X te kite i ngā hapa o roto o ngā hononga honohono o ngā wāhanga kua takaihia pērā i te BGA, CSP, me te QFN, pērā i ngā āputa, te honohono makariri, te kore-mākū, te ngaro o ngā pōro honohono, me te āputa pōro honohono. Ka taea hoki e ia te kite i ngā kapiti me ngā mea ke i roto i ngā wāhanga, tae atu ki ngā raruraru pērā i ngā ara iahiko poto i waenga i ngā paparanga me ngā ara iahiko tuwhera i roto i te PCB.

Ina kitea ngā hapa e te hihi-X, ka whakaputaina he pūrongo tirotiro taipitopito, e tohu ana i te wāhi, te momo, me te kaha o te hapa. Me wehewehe e ngā kaiwhakahaere te PCB hapa e ai ki te pūrongo. Mō ngā hapa ka taea te whakatika (pēnei i ētahi raruraru hononga honohono), ka taea te whakatika mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu mahi anō. Mō ngā PCB he nui ngā hapa, ka whakakorea, ā, ka tātarihia ngā take o ngā hapa hei whakapai ake i te tukanga whakaputa.

Whakahāngaitia tonutia ngā taputapu hihi-X kia mau tonu ai te mahi a te pūtake hihi-X me te pūoko; arotauhia ngā tawhā kimi me te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā mō ngā momo PCB me ngā wāhanga rerekē; whakamahia ngā rauropi tātari whakaahua matatau hei whakapai ake i te tika o te mōhio ki ngā hapa; whakarato whakangungu ngaio mō ngā kaiwhakahaere hei whakarei ake i ā rātou pūkenga tātari whakaahua me te whakatau hapa; whakatūhia ngā tukanga tirotiro paerewa me ngā whakaritenga hei whakaiti i ngā hapa tangata.

Ko ngā mahi tiaki o ia rā ko te horoi i te mata o te taputapu hei ārai i te kohikohinga puehu kei pā ki te marara o te wera; te tirotiro i te āhua mahi o te ngongo hihi-X me te aroturuki i ngā tawhā pēnei i te ngaohiko o te ngongo me te ia o te ngongo; te tirotiro i te aro me te pumau o te taputapu kite; te whakahinuhinu me te whakamau i ngā wāhanga tuku miihini o te taputapu; te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau mahi me ngā whakatikatika i runga i te taputapu i ia wā hei whakarite i ngā hua kite tika me te pono.

Ko ngā painga ko te kaha ki te kite i ngā hapa huna o roto o ngā PCB me ngā wāhanga, ā, he painga motuhake anō hoki i roto i te tirotiro i ngā hononga honohono o ngā mōkihi pēnei i te BGA me te CSP; ka taea te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio hanganga 3D (tirotiro hihi-X 3D). Ko ngā ngoikoretanga ko te tere o te kimi, te utu nui; me whai kaiwhakahaere ngaio mō te tātari whakaahua me te whakatau hapa; he irahiko ngā hihi-X ki tētahi taumata, ā, me whai tikanga tiaki. He tere te tirotiro AOI, he iti te utu, ā, ka taea te kite ā-kanohi i te āhua me ngā hapa mata o ngā wāhanga, engari kāore e taea te kite i ngā hapa huna o roto.

Ko ngā mahi matua o te pūmanawa tirotiro hihi-X ko te kohikohi me te tukatuka whakaahua (te whakarerekē i te kanapa o te whakaahua, te rerekētanga, te tātari, me ētahi atu), te mōhio me te tohu hapa (te mōhio aunoa, te mōhio ā-ringa rānei i ngā hapa me te tohu i ō rātou tūranga me ngā momo), te hanga anō i te whakaahua 3D (mō ngā taputapu hihi-X 3D), te whakaputa pūrongo hua tirotiro (ngā tuhinga taipitopito o ngā mōhiohio hapa, ngā tawhā kitenga, me ētahi atu), te tātari raraunga me ngā tatauranga (te tatau i ngā reiti puta o ngā hapa me te tātari i ngā raruraru tukanga whakaputa), me te taunekeneke raraunga me ētahi atu pūnaha raina whakaputa.

Ko ētahi o ngā take ko te whakatakotoranga hē o ngā tawhā kitenga (pērā i te koretake o te ngaohiko ngongo me te wā whakaatu ka hua ake he kounga ahua ngoikore), ngā herenga o ngā rauropi tātari ahua (te kore e taea te tautuhi tika i ngā hapa uaua), te kore o te wheako o te kaiwhakahaere (te whakatau hē o ngā whakaahua), ngā rauemi me ngā hanganga motuhake o ngā PCB, o ngā wāhanga rānei (ka hua ake he hina ahua rerekē), me ngā raruraru ki te tika me te pumau o te taputapu tonu.

Whakatikatika anō i ngā tawhā kitenga hei arotau i te kounga o te ahua; whakapai ake, hei whakapai ake rānei i ngā rauropi tātari ahua hei whakarei ake i te kaha ki te kite i ngā hapa; whakapakari ake i te whakangungu o ngā kaiwhakahaere hei whakapai ake i tō rātou taumata ngaio; whakatūria he whare pukapuka tauira hapa hei whakataurite i ngā whakaahua uaua; tiaki me te whakataurite i ngā taputapu i ia wā kia mau ai te mahi a ngā taputapu.

He maha ngā whakarerekētanga me ngā hototahitanga o ngā taputapu hihi-X hou. Mā roto i ngā tautuhinga pūmanawa me ngā whakarerekētanga taputapu (pērā i te whakarerekē i ngā karāhe me ngā roa arotahi rerekē me te whakarerekē i te rahi o te tūāpapa tirotiro), ka taea e rātou te urutau ki te tirotiro i ngā PCB o ngā rahi rerekē. Mō ngā momo PCB rerekē (pērā i ngā papa pakari, ngā papa ngāwari, ngā papa pakari - ngāwari) me ngā wāhanga, mena kei roto i ngā kaha kimi o te taputapu, ka taea te whakatutuki i te kimi whai hua mā te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā me ngā aratau kimi e rite ana. Heoi, mō ngā PCB he hanganga motuhake, he PCB tino angiangi me te matotoru rānei, me hiahia pea he taputapu kua whirihorahia motuhake.

I te nuinga o te wā ka tāutahia i muri i te whakapiringa anō hei tirotiro i te PCB i muri i te whakapiringa me te kimi i ngā hapa o roto pēnei i ngā hononga whakapiringa. Ka taea hoki te whakatū i tētahi teihana tirotiro hihi-X motuhake i muri i ngā tukanga matua (pēnei i muri i te whakatakotoranga o ngā wāhanga BGA) hei whakahaere i ngā tirotiro motuhake i ngā wāhanga matua hei whakarite i te kounga o te hua, engari ka piki ake te uaua me te utu o te raina whakaputa.

Mā te tātari i ngā raraunga tirotiro hihi-X, tatauhia te tohatoha me te auau o ngā hapa rerekē hei tautuhi i ngā hononga ngoikore i roto i te tukanga whakaputa. Hei tauira, ki te kitea he teitei te tere o te korenga o ngā hononga honohono BGA i roto i tētahi puranga PCB, ka taea te whakarerekē i te nui o te tānga whakapiri honohono, te kōtaha pāmahana honohono reflow, te pēhanga whakatakotoranga wāhanga rānei. Ki te puta pinepine mai ngā mea ke i roto i ngā wāhanga, ka taea te tirotiro i te kounga o ngā wāhanga e haere mai ana me te ma o te taiao whakaputa, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i te tukanga me te whakapakari i te mana whakahaere.

Ko te raina ICT, arā, ko te raina Whakamātautau Porowhita-ā-Rohe, he taputapu e whakahaere ana i ngā whakamātautau mahi hiko i runga i ngā PCB me ngā wāhanga kua whakanohoia, kua whakapirihia hoki. Ka whakapā atu ki ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau i runga i te PCB mā roto i ngā tirotiro, ka kitea ngā porowhita tuwhera, ngā porowhita poto, me te mea kei te tutuki ngā tawhā wāhanga (pēnei i te ātete, te kaha, me ngā uara hiko) i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa, tae atu ki te kounga whakapiri o ngā wāhanga. Ka taea e ia te kimi tere i ngā wāhanga hapa me ngā hononga whakapiri hapa, ka whakarite i te kounga o ngā hua PCB me te whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaputa me te hua.

Ko te kaupapa o te whakamātautau ICT e ahu mai ana i te tātari whatunga ara iahiko. Ka whakamahia e te taputapu whakamātautau ngā tohu whakaoho (pēnei i te iahiko me te ngaohiko) ki ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau i runga i te PCB mā roto i ngā tirotiro, kātahi ka ine i ngā tohu urupare o te ara iahiko. E ai ki te kaupapa whakamātautau kua whakaritea me ngā tawhā paerewa, ka whakaritea ngā uara ine tūturu ki ngā uara ariā hei whakatau mēnā he raruraru pēnei i ngā ara iahiko tuwhera, ngā ara iahiko poto, me ngā rerekētanga tawhā wāhanga i roto i te ara iahiko. Hei tauira, mō te wāhanga ātete, ka whakamahia he ngaohiko e mōhiotia ana, ka inehia te iahiko rere, ā, ka tatauhia te uara ātete, ka whakaritea ki te uara ingoa.

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana, me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tika o te whakamātautau (te kaha ki te ine tika i ngā tawhā wāhanga, pēnei i te tika o te ine ātete o te ±1%), te tere o te whakamātautau (te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te huringa raina whakaputa), te maha o ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau (e tika ana mō te maha o ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau i runga i te PCB), ngā mahi pūmanawa (me te atanga hōtaka whakairoiro, te mahi tātaritanga aunoa, te kaha tātari tatauranga raraunga), te hototahi o ngā taputapu (te tautoko i te whakamātautau o ngā momo PCB me ngā mōkihi wāhanga rerekē), te roa o te ratonga tirotiro, me ngā utu tiaki. Hei tāpiri, me aro hoki ki te tautoko hangarau me ngā kaha ratonga muri-hoko o te kaiwhakarato taputapu.

Ko ngā taputapu hangarau mōhiohio whānui ko te ICT moenga-o-ngā-whao me te ICT rere-whakamātautau. Ka pā te ICT moenga-o-ngā-whao ki ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau PCB mā te moenga-o-ngā-whao pumau, ā, ka taea te whakamātautau i ngā pūwāhi maha i te wā kotahi, me te tere whakamātautau tere, e tika ana mō te hanga papatipu. Heoi, he nui te utu mō te hanga i te moenga-o-ngā-whao, ā, me whakakapi te moenga-o-ngā-whao mō ngā PCB rerekē. Ka whakamahia e te ICT rere-whakamātautau ngā probes nekeneke hei whakamātautau i ngā pūwāhi takitahi, me te kore e hiahiatia te hanga moenga-o-ngā-whao, he tino ngāwari, e tika ana mō te hanga puranga iti me te maha-momo, engari he puhoi te tere whakamātautau.

Me whakarite kia ma te mata o te PCB, kāore he poke pēnei i te para whakarewa, ngā pītiti tine, me ngā paru hinu, kia kore ai e pā kino ki te hononga pai i waenga i ngā pūwhakamātautau me ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau. Tirohia mēnā kua oti katoa ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau i runga i te PCB, ā, kāore he waikura. Mēnā e tika ana, horoia, pania rānei ki te tine ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau. Tangohia ngā taupoki parepare whakarewa me ētahi atu taputapu i runga i te PCB ka whakararuraru pea i te whakamātautau. Mō ngā PCB e rua ngā taha e mau ana, me mārama te wehewehe i te mata whakamātautau.

Kei roto i ngā tawhā whakamātautau te momo (ngaohiko, iahiko), te rahi, me te auau o te tohu whakaoho; te whānuitanga ine (pēnei i te whānuitanga ine ātete o te 0.1Ω - 10MΩ); te wā whakamātautau (te roa o te whakamātautau mō ia pūwāhi whakamātautau); te tautuhinga paepae (pēnei i te whānuitanga rerekētanga e whakaaetia ana o te uara ātete o te ±5%), me ētahi atu. E ai ki te hoahoa ara iahiko o te PCB, ngā whakatakotoranga wāhanga, me ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau, me whakatakoto ngā tawhā i runga i te tika mā te patuiro me te whakamātautau whakamātautau kia tika ai te tika me te pono o te whakamātautau.

Ka taea e te ICT te kite i ngā ara iahiko tuwhera (kāore te ara iahiko i honoa), ngā ara iahiko poto (te kawe ohorere i waenga i ngā raina rerekē), te tāutanga wāhanga hē (pēnei i te tāutanga o te ātete hei pūnga), ngā tawhā wāhanga hē (kāore ngā uara o ngā ātete, ngā pūnga, me ngā inductors e ōrite ki ngā uara ingoa), te polarity wāhanga whakamuri (ka tāutahia ngā wāhanga polar pēnei i ngā diode me ngā pūnga hikohiko ki te whakamuri), te whakapiringa makariri (te āhua nei kua honoa ngā hononga whakapiri engari he ngoikore te mahi hiko), me ētahi atu.

Ina kitea e te ICT ngā hapa, ka whakaaturia te wāhi o te hapa, te momo, me ngā mōhiohio taipitopito ki te atanga pūmanawa whakamātautau. Me tango e ngā kaiwhakahaere te PCB hapa mai i te raina whakaputa e ai ki ngā tohutohu, ā, me whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mita maha me ngā oscilloscope hei whakaū anō i ngā raruraru. Mō ngā hapa ka taea te whakatika (pēnei i te whakapiri makariri me te tāutanga wāhanga hē), whakatikahia mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu mahi anō. Mō ngā PCB he hapa nui kāore e taea te whakatika, whakakorea, tuhia ngā raraunga hapa, ā, tātarihia ngā take hei whakapai ake i te tukanga whakaputa.

Whakahāngaitia ngā taputapu hangarau mōhiohio i ia wā kia tika ai te tohu whakaoho me te pūnaha ine. Kia ma, kia pai hoki te āhua o ngā pūwero, ā, whakakapia ngā pūwero kua tawhito, kua pakaru rānei i te wā tika. Whakapai ake i te kaupapa whakamātautau, ā, kia tika te whakatakoto i ngā tawhā whakamātautau. Whakaratohia he whakangungu ngaio mō ngā kaiwhakahaere hei whakapai ake i ō rātou pūkenga whakatau hapa me te whakahaere. Whakatūria he tukanga whakamātautau paerewa me ngā whakaritenga hei whakaiti i ngā hapa whakahaere tangata.

Ko te tiaki o ia rā ko te horoi i te mata o te taputapu me ngā pūwero hei ārai i te puehu me te toenga whakarewa kei pā ki te whakamātautau. Tirohia tonutia te pēhanga o te pūwero kia pai ai te pa atu ki ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau. Aroturukihia te mahi hiko o ngā taputapu, pērā i te pumau o te tohu whakaoho. Mō ngā ICT moenga-o-ngā-whao, tirohia te āhua o te whakapiri o te moenga-o-ngā-whao me te kawe hiko o ngā pine. Tāruahia ngā kaupapa whakamātautau me ngā raraunga kia kore ai e ngaro. Whakahaerehia ngā whakatikatika me te tiaki ngaio i ia wā, i ia wā, e ai ki ngā whakaritenga a te kaihanga taputapu.

Ko ngā painga ko te kaha ki te kite tika i te mahi hiko o te ara iahiko, te aromatawai tika i ngā tawhā wāhanga me te kounga o te whakapiri, me te kimi tika i ngā pūwāhi hapa; he pai te pānga ki te kite i ngā raruraru pēnei i ngā ara iahiko tuwhera me ngā ara iahiko poto. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga ko te hiahia ki te whakatakoto i ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau ki runga i te PCB, ka piki ake te utu hoahoa me te hanga PCB; ka taea anake te kite i ngā wāhi e taea atu ana e ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau, me te kite i ngā wāhi matapo; he uaua te whakawhanake i te kaupapa whakamātautau, ā, me whakarite anō mō ​​ngā PCB rerekē. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka kitea e AOI te āhua me ngā hapa mata o ngā wāhanga, me te tere kite tere me te utu iti. Ka taea e te tirotiro hihi-X te kite i ngā hapa huna o roto o ngā PCB me ngā wāhanga, engari he puhoi te tere kite me te utu nui.

Ko ngā mahi matua o te pūmanawa whakamātautau ICT ko te whakarite kaupapa whakamātautau (te tautuhi i ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau, te whakatakoto i ngā tawhā whakamātautau, te tuhi i te arorau whakamātautau), te whakahaere me te whakahaere whakamātautau (te tīmata, te whakamutu, te whakamutu i te whakamātautau), te mohio me te whakaoho hapa (te aromatawai aunoa i ngā hua whakamātautau, te tohu i ngā hapa, me te tuku whakaoho), te whakaatu me te tuhi i ngā hua whakamātautau (te whakaatu i ngā raraunga whakamātautau i roto i te āhua o ngā tūtohi me ngā pūrongo), te tātari raraunga me ngā tatauranga (te tatau i ngā momo hapa me ngā reiti puta, te tātari i ngā raruraru tukanga whakaputa), me te taunekeneke raraunga me ētahi atu pūnaha raina whakaputa (pēnei i te pūnaha MES).

Ko ētahi o ngā take ko te hoahoa koretake o ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau (pēnei i te tawhiti iti rawa i waenga i ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau me te taunga hē), ka hua ake he hononga ngoikore o te pūwhakamātautau, he pokanoa rānei tetahi ki tetahi; te whakatakotoranga hē o ngā tawhā whakamātautau (pēnei i te whānuitanga paepae whaiti rawa, whānui rawa rānei); te kakahu o te pūwhakamātautau, te waikura, te poke rānei, ka pā ki te tuku tohu whakamātautau; te mata PCB koretake, ka puta ai te pēhanga pūwhakamātautau koretake; ngā hapa arorau i roto i te kaupapa whakamātautau, ka hua ake he whakatau hē o ngā ara iahiko noa; te mahi hiko kore pumau o te taputapu tonu, me ētahi atu.

Whakapaipai i te hoahoa o ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau kia tika ai te tahora, te mokowā tika, me te kounga pai o te mata o ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau. Whakarerekētia anō, whakatikatikaina hoki ngā tawhā whakamātautau, me te whakatau i te awhe paepae tika mā roto i ngā whakamātautau maha. Horoia, tiakina, me te whakakapi i ngā pūwero i ia wā. Whakapaipaihia ngā PCB kāore i te ōrite, whakamahia rānei ngā pūwero urutau. Tirohia me te whakatika i ngā hapa arorau i roto i te kaupapa whakamātautau. Tiakina, whakatikatikaina hoki ngā taputapu i ia wā kia mau ai te mahi a ngā taputapu.

Ko ngā taputapu ICT moenga-o-ngā-whao me whakarite te moenga-o-ngā-whao mō ngā PCB o ngā rahi me ngā momo rerekē, he iti te ngāwari, engari he tino whai hua te papatipu - ka whakaputa i te momo PCB kotahi. Ka whakahaerehia e ngā taputapu ICT rere-tirotiro te nekehanga o ngā tirotiro mā roto i te pūmanawa me te kore e hiahiatia te whakakapi i ngā taputapu, ā, ka taea te urutau ki te whakamātautau i ngā PCB o ngā rahi me ngā momo rerekē. Ko te kaupapa whakamātautau me ngā tawhā anake me whakarite. Heoi, mō ngā PCB tino nui, ngā PCB rānei he tino maha ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau, tera pea he iti te whai huatanga o te whakamātautau.

I te nuinga o te wā ka tāutahia te whakamātautau ICT i muri i te tukanga whakapiringa anō, me mua i te whakamātautau mahi, kia kitea wawe ai ngā raruraru mahi hiko e puta ana i te wā o te whakapiringa me te whakatakotoranga wāhanga, kia kore ai e uru mai ngā hua hapa ki ngā tukanga o muri mai, me te whakaiti i ngā utu mahi anō. Ka taea hoki e ia, e ai ki ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga whakaputa, te whakatū i tētahi teihana whakamātautau ICT motuhake i muri i te whakatakotoranga o ngā wāhanga matua hei whakahaere i ngā tirotirohanga mua i ngā wāhanga matua o te ara iahiko.

Mā te tātari i ngā raraunga whakamātautau ICT, tatauhia te tohatoha me te auau o ngā hapa rerekē hei tautuhi i ngā hononga ngoikore i roto i te tukanga whakaputa. Hei tauira, mēnā he teitei te auau hapa o tētahi momo tawhā wāhanga, ka taea te tirotiro i te kounga o ngā wāhanga e tae mai ana, te tika o te whakatakotoranga, te tukanga whakapiri rānei. Mēnā he maha ngā raruraru ara iahiko tuwhera, ara iahiko poto rānei, ka taea te whakapai ake i te hoahoa PCB (pēnei i te whakarerekētanga o te waea me te tāpiri i ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau), ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā tawhā whakapiri, ka taea rānei te whakapakari i ngā mahi ārai-pūmau i te wā o te tukanga whakaputa.

Ka whakamahia he raina FCT, arā, te raina Whakamātautau Arahiko Mahi, hei manatoko i ngā mahi a ngā PCB, ngā hua kua huihuia rānei i muri i te whakatakotoranga o ngā wāhanga me te whakapiripiri. Ka whakatauira i te taiao mahi tuturu o te hua, ka whakauru i ngā tohu whakaoho, ā, ka kitea mēnā ka tutuki ngā tohu putanga me ngā mahi rerekē o te hua i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa. Ka taea e ia te tautuhi i ngā hapa arorau pea me ngā take mahi, kia taea ai te whakamahi i te hua i ngā wā katoa. He taahiraa nui tēnei hei whakapūmau i te pono me te pono o te hua.

Ko te kaupapa o te whakamātautau FCT e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga mahi me ngā whakaritenga hoahoa o te hua. Ka whakamahia e te taputapu whakamātautau ngā tikanga whakaoho motuhake, pērā i te tuku hiko me te whakauru tohu, ki te PCB, ki te hua rānei kua whakamatautauria, ā, i te wā kotahi, ka kohia ngā tohu putanga o te hua. Ka whakatauritea, ka tātarihia hoki ēnei tohu putanga ki ngā raraunga putanga tika kua whakaritea i mua, ngā āhua ngaru, ngā āhua arorau, me ētahi atu. Mena kāore ngā hua putanga e ōrite ki ngā paerewa, ka whakatauhia he hapa mahi, ā, ka kitea ngā wāhi hapa mahi o te hua.

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana, me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te whānui o ngā mahi whakamātautau (mēnā ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau mahi katoa o te hua), te tika o te whakamātautau (te tika o te ine i ngā tohu anaro me te mamati), te tere o te whakamātautau (te ōrite ki te huringa raina whakaputa), te hototahitanga (te tautoko i te whakamātautau o ngā hua o ngā tauira me ngā whakatakotoranga rerekē), ngā mahi pūmanawa (me ngā mahi pēnei i te whakatika kaupapa whakamātautau, te tuhi me te tātari raraunga, me ngā tohu tautuhi hapa), te whakawhānui i ngā taputapu (te kaha ki te tāpiri i ngā kōwae whakamātautau kia rite ki ngā whakapainga hua), tae atu ki ngā utu taputapu me te ratonga i muri i te hoko.

Ko ngā taputapu FCT noa ko ngā taputapu FCT motuhake e hangai ana ki ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu FCT whānui e hangai ana ki ngā taputapu. Ko ngā taputapu FCT motuhake he mea hanga mō ngā hua motuhake, he kaha te whakamātautau me te whai huatanga teitei, engari he ngoikore te ngāwari. Me hanga anō ngā taputapu ina whakahoutia te hua. Ka whakamahia e ngā taputapu FCT whānui ngā taputapu whakamātautau ka taea te whakamahi anō (pēnei i ngā mita maha, ngā kaihanga tohu, ngā oscilloscope, me ētahi atu) ā, ka taea te whakamātautau i ngā hua rerekē mā te hōtaka pūmanawa. He tino ngāwari, he whānui hoki te whānuitanga o ngā tono, engari he uaua te whakawhanake i ngā kaupapa whakamātautau, ā, he nui te utu mō ngā taputapu tuatahi.

Me whakarite kia kore he kino o waho o te PCB, kia pai te kounga o te whakapiringa, ā, kia kore he hapa kitea pērā i te whakapiringa makariri me ngā ara iahiko poto. Me horoi te PCB kia tangohia ai ngā toenga rere, te puehu, me ētahi atu poke i runga i te mata. Tirohia mēnā kua tika te tāutanga o ngā hononga, ngā atanga, me ētahi atu mea i runga i te PCB, ā, kāore he kino. E ai ki ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau, me mahi ngā whirihoranga e tika ana ki runga i te PCB (pērā i te tahu hōtaka, te tautuhinga pekepeke, me ētahi atu).

Kei roto i ngā tawhā whakamātautau te momo (tohu anaro, tohu matihiko), te kaha, te auau, me te huringa mahi o te tohu whakauru; te wā whakamātautau; ngā paearu whakatau mō ngā tohu putanga (pēnei i te awhe ngaohiko, te taumata arorau, ngā āhuatanga ngaru); te raupapa me ngā tikanga o ngā mahi whakamātautau, me ētahi atu. E ai ki ngā whakaritenga mahi a te hua me ngā whakaritenga mahi tuturu, me te mahi a te taputapu whakamātautau, me whakatakoto ngā tawhā i runga i te tika mā te patuiro me te manatoko kia pai ai te whai huatanga me te tika o te whakamātautau.

Ka taea e te FCT te kite i ngā hapa mahi arorau (pēnei i te whakahaere arorau rerekē o ngā maramara), te tuku tohu rerekē (te whakaiti tohu, te whakapōturi, te pokanoa), ngā rahunga mahi atanga (USB, atanga whatunga, me ētahi atu kāore e taea te kōrero noa), ngā raruraru whakahaere hiko (putanga ngaohiko kore pumau, tiakitanga au-rahi rerekē), ngā hapa mahi pūmanawa (ngā hapa whakahaere hōtaka, te wā mutu urupare), me ētahi atu. Tērā pea ka puta ēnei hapa i te whakatakotoranga wāhanga hē, te whakapiringa ngoikore, te kino o ngā wāhanga, ngā raruraru hoahoa rānei.

Ina kitea e te FCT ngā hapa, ka tuhia e ngā taputapu whakamātautau ngā mōhiohio hapa, ka tukuna he tohu whakaoho. Me tohu e ngā kaiwhakahaere ngā hua hapa kia rite ki ngā tohu, ā, me whakamahi i ngā taputapu ngaio (pēnei i ngā oscilloscope me ngā tātari arorau) hei tātari atu i ngā take o ngā hapa. Mō ngā raruraru ka taea te whakatika (pēnei i ngā hapa hōtaka me te whakapiringa makariri o ngā wāhanga), whakatikahia, ka whakamātautau anō. Mō ngā hua kāore e taea te whakatika, whakahaerehia kia rite ki te tukanga tango, ka tukuna ngā raraunga hapa ki ngā tari whakaputa me te R&D hei whakapai ake i te tukanga me te arotau i te hoahoa.

Whakahāngaitia ngā taputapu whakamātautau i ia wā kia tika ai ngā tohu whakauru me ngā tohu whakaputa. Whakapai ake i te kaupapa whakamātautau, ā, kia tika te whakatakoto i ngā tawhā whakamātautau me ngā paearu whakatau. Whakamahia ngā tikanga whakamātautau maha (pēnei i te whakamātautau rohe me te whakamātautau rohe) hei kimi whānui i ngā mahi a te hua. Whakarato whakangungu ngaio mō ngā kaiwhakahaere hei whakapai ake i ō rātou pūkenga tātari hapa me te whakatau. Whakatūria he tikanga tuhi me te tātari raraunga whakamātautau katoa, me te kimi i ngā raruraru pea mā te whakataurite i ngā raraunga o mua.

Ko te tiaki o ia rā ko te horoi i te mata o ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu whakamātautau hei ārai i te puehu me ngā poke kei pā ki te whakamātautau. Tirohia tonutia te āhua o te mahi o ia waeine o te taputapu (pēnei i te waeine hiko me te waeine whakaputa tohu) me te aroturuki i ngā tohu mahi matua. Tirohia me te whakataurite i ngā taputapu whakamātautau kia pai ai te hononga. Whakahoutia te pūmanawa whakamātautau i te wā tika hei whakatika i ngā hapa me te tāpiri i ngā mahi hou. Whakahaerehia ngā whakataurite whānui me te tiaki hohonu i ia wā, i ia wā, kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga a te kaihanga taputapu.

Ko te painga, ka taea te kite i ngā raruraru mai i te taumata mahi tuturu o te hua, e tata ana ki te horopaki whakamahinga a te kaiwhakamahi, ā, ka taea te tautuhi i ngā hapa arorau me te mahi kāore e taea te kite e ētahi atu whakamātautau. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga ko te utu whakamātautau teitei ake (ngā utu taputapu me ngā taputapu), te whakawhanaketanga kaupapa whakamātautau uaua, me te tere whakamātautau puhoi. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka kitea e AOI ngā hapa āhua me te mata, me te tere tere me te utu iti. Ka taea e te tirotiro hihi-X te kite i ngā hapa huna o roto. Ka arotahi te ICT ki te kite i ngā tawhā hiko o ngā ara iahiko, ā, ka taea te kimi tika i ngā wāhanga hapa, engari kāore e taea e tētahi o ngā mea e toru te manatoko tika i ngā mahi a te hua.

Ko ngā mahi matua o te pūmanawa whakamātautau FCT ko te tuhi me te whakatika i ngā kaupapa whakamātautau (te tautuhi i te tukanga whakamātautau, te whakatakoto i ngā tawhā, te tuhi i ngā tauākī whakatau arorau), te whakahaere i te whakahaere whakamātautau (tīmata, whakamutu, whakamutu i te whakamātautau), te kohikohi raraunga me te whakaatu i te wā-tūturu (te whakaatu i ngā ngaru me ngā uara o ngā tohu whakauru me te putanga), te mōhio aunoa me te whakaoho hapa (te tohu i ngā hapa me te akiaki kia rite ki ngā paearu whakatau), te tuhi me te whakaputa pūrongo i ngā hua whakamātautau (te tatau i te reiti paahitanga, te tuhi i ngā mōhiohio hapa), te tātari raraunga me te whai i ngā raraunga (te tātari i te ia o ngā raraunga whakamātautau, te whai i te hītori whakamātautau hua).

Ko ētahi o ngā take ko te whakatakotoranga koretake o ngā tawhā whakamātautau (whānui rawa, whaiti rawa rānei), ngā hapa arorau i roto i te kaupapa whakamātautau (ngā tikanga whakatau hē), ngā rerekētanga o te mahi a te taputapu whakamātautau tonu (putanga tohu kore pumau), te pā kino o te taputapu whakamātautau (ka puta he tuku tohu rerekē), te wawaotanga taiao (te pānga o te wawaotanga hikohiko ki te kohinga tohu), me ngā raruraru hototahi i roto i te hoahoa hua (mahi rerekē i roto i te taiao whakamātautau).

Arotakehia anō, whakatikatikahia hoki ngā tawhā whakamātautau, me te arotau i te paepae mā roto i ngā whakamātautau maha. Tirohia me te whakatika i te arorau o te kaupapa whakamātautau, ā, whakahaerehia he manatoko whakamātautau e tika ana. Tiakina me te whakataurite i ngā taputapu whakamātautau i ia wā kia mau ai te mahi. Tirohia me te whakapai ake i te āhua o te hononga o te taputapu whakamātautau, ā, whakakapia te taputapu mēnā e tika ana. Āraia, whakapaitia rānei te taiao whakamātautau hei whakaiti i te pokanoa. Kōrero ki te tari R&D hei whakaū i te hototahitanga o te hoahoa hua i roto i te taiao whakamātautau, me te whakaoti rapanga pea.

Ko ngā taputapu FCT motuhake e hangai ana ki ngā taputapu, he mea hanga mō ngā hua motuhake, ā, he ngoikore te urutau ki ngā PCB o ngā rahi me ngā momo rerekē. Me hanga anō ngā taputapu. Ka taea e ngā taputapu FCT whānui e hangai ana ki ngā taputapu te urutau ki te whakamātautau i ngā PCB o ngā rahi me ngā momo rerekē ki tētahi whānuitanga mā te hōtaka pūmanawa me te whakakapi i ngā atanga whakamātautau e tika ana, engari mō ngā hua he mahi, he hanganga rānei motuhake, me whakarite tonu ētahi kōwae whakamātautau.

Ko te whakamātautau FCT ka whakatakotoria i te mutunga o te raina whakaputa, arā, i muri i te otinga o ngā tukanga pēnei i te whakamātautau ICT me te tirotiro āhua, kia mōhio ai kei te tata tonu te whakamahinga o ngā hua i tirotirohia e ngā tukanga o mua, ā, kia kore ai e rere mai ngā hua kāore i te tika ki te kiritaki. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te hua, ka taea hoki te whakatakoto i te whakamātautau FCT ā-wāhanga i muri i te huihuinga o ngā kōwae mahi matua kia kitea ai ngā raruraru i te wā tika, kia whakaitihia ai hoki te moumou o ngā tukanga e whai ake nei.

Mā te tātari tatauranga o ngā raraunga whakamātautau FCT, ka taea te kimi i ngā tauira tohatoha me ngā wāhi raruraru auau o ngā hapa mahi hua. Hei tauira, ki te puta pinepine tētahi momo hapa mahi, ka taea te tirotiro pai i ngā tukanga whakaputa e pā ana (pēnei i te whakatakotoranga wāhanga, te whakapiri, te tahu pūmanawa). Tātarihia te hononga i waenga i ngā hapa me ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā puranga rauemi mata, ngā taputapu whakaputa, me ngā kaiwhakahaere, me te whakapai ake i ngā tawhā tukanga, te whakapakari i te mana whakahaere kounga, me te arotau i te hoahoa hua kia rite, kia pai ake ai te kounga hua whānui me te whai huatanga o te whakaputa.