Huinga PCB

Ko te PCBA te whakarāpopototanga o te Printed Circuit Board Assembly, e pā ana ki te tukanga whakapiri i ngā wāhanga hiko ki runga i te PCB hei hanga i tētahi pūnaha ara iahiko katoa. He taahiraa matua tēnei i roto i te hanga hua hiko.

Ko te Hangarau Mā roto i te Kōhao (THT), te Hangarau Maunga Mata (SMT), me te hangarau ranu. Ka whakatōkia e te THT ngā wāhanga me ngā taura e whakaurua ana mā roto i ngā kōhao, ka whakatōkia e te SMT ngā wāhanga tika ki te mata o te PCB, ā, ka whakakotahihia e te hangarau ranu ngā mea e rua.

Ko ngā mahi ko te whakarite rauemi, te tirotiro PCB, te SMT (te tānga whakapiri konukōre, te whakatakotoranga wāhanga, te konukōre anō), te THT (te tukatuka mata, te konukōre ngaru), te whakarewa, te whakamātautau kounga, te horoi me te paninga, me te huihuinga whakamutunga.

Ka hono i ngā wāhanga motuhake e ai ki te hoahoa, ka taea ai ngā mahi pēnei i te tukatuka tohu me te hurihanga pūngao. Koinei te taahiraa matua hei huri i te hoahoa hei hua tūturu.

He rite tonu te tukanga taketake, engari ka whakarerekētia kia rite ki te uauatanga o te hua, ngā momo wāhanga, te tauine whakaputa, me ētahi atu. Hei tauira, ka tāpirihia pea e ngā hua tino tika-rahi he tirotiro ā-ringa, ko te whakaputanga papatipu e aro ana ki te aunoatanga.

Ko te THT he Hangarau Through-Hole, ka whakauruhia ngā wāhanga me ngā taura ki roto i ngā kōhao hei whakapiri. Ngā Painga: he kaha ā-ringa teitei, he pai mō ngā wāhanga au nui; Ngā Huakore: he nui te wāhi e nohoia ana, he iti te pai o te mahi.

Ko te SMT he Hangarau Maunga Mata, me ngā painga o te kiato nui o te huihuinga, te rahi iti o te wāhanga, te pai mō te whakaputa aunoa, te tino whai hua, me te utu iti.

Ka whakamahia te hangarau ranu ina hiahia ngā hua ki te whakamahi i te mana teitei/kaha ā-mīhini o te THT me te kiato teitei/rahi iti o te SMT, pērā i ngā kōwae mana me ngā ine hiko puta noa i te kōhao me ngā maramara mau-mata.

Ka pāngia e ngā utu wāhanga, te maha/rahi/uaua o ngā paparanga PCB, te uauatanga o te huihuinga, te rahinga whakaputa, ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau, me ētahi atu. Ka whakaitihia ngā utu wāhanga e ngā puranga nui ake, ka whakapikihia ngā utu e ngā tukanga uaua.

Ngā hikohiko kaihoko: utu iti, kiato nui, whakaitiiti; Mana whakahaere ahumahi: pumau, ārai-pokanoa; Ngā taputapu hauora: tino tika me te pono, me te tino tutuki i ngā paerewa.

Ngā rauemi noa pēnei i te FR-4 (ngā āhuatanga hiko/mīhini pai mō ngā hua whānui) me te CEM-1 (he iti ake te utu engari he iti iho te mahi). Ka pā te tauwehenga whānui wera ki te pono o te hononga whakarewa; ka pā pea ngā rerekētanga nui ki ngā raruraru ahotea.

Kōwhiria i runga i te uauatanga o te ara iahiko: paparanga-rua mō ngā ara iahiko māmā, paparanga-maha mō ngā ara iahiko uaua. He nui ake te wāhi ara iahiko mō ngā paparanga maha engari he nui ake ngā utu, me ngā whakaritenga pakari ake mō te whakahāngai paparanga.

Ka nui rawa atu ngā PCB e hiahiatia ana mō ngā taputapu; ka uaua te whakahaere/te whakapiripiri mō ngā PCB iti rawa, ka pā ki te tahora o ngā wāhanga me te mararatanga o te wera.

Ka pā tika te rahi, te āhua, me te mokowā o te papa ki te kounga o te whakapiringa. Ka maroke ngā hononga i te iti rawa o ngā papa; ka piri rawa te mokowā ka hua ake he ara iahiko poto.

Te whakataurite i te tūhono hau wera (HASL): he iti te utu engari he iti te papatahi, ka pā ki te tūhono pai; Te koura rumaki nikara kore-hiko (ENIG): he pai te tūhono, he tino tika, he nui te utu; Te tiaki tūhono waro (OSP): ka tiakina te parahi, he iti te utu, he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga rokiroki.

Tirotiro tirohanga (ngā rakuraku, te whakarerekētanga), te whakamātautau i te waka rere/te whakamātautau ICT (te hononga), te tātari whakarewa (hanganga ā-roto/te whakakikorua).

Te horoi hei tango i ngā poke; me tunu ngā PCB kua maimoatia ki te OSP hei tango i te makuku me te ārai i ngā mirumiru whakapiri.

Mā ngā kōnae hoahoa pēnei i a Gerber ka tohua te tahora o ngā wāhanga me ngā tūranga papa, hei pūtake mō te huihuinga hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga hoahoa.

Kāore e taea te tāuta i ngā wāhanga, ngā ara iahiko poto/ara iahiko tuwhera, te pokanoa o te tohu, te koretake o te tohatoha wera, ka hua ake ngā rahunga mahi, ngā raruraru mahinga rānei.

Te tahora wāhanga whaitake (kāore i te tika ngā wāhi kikī/uaua ki te tae atu), te hoahoa papa kua arotauhia, te hototahitanga SMT/THT, ngā kōhao tūnga, me te ara hei karo i ngā koki koi me ngā tohu roa.

Whakaarohia te mahi hiko (te taurite o ngā tawhā), te hototahitanga o te mōkihi ki ngā papa, te pono, te utu, me te pumau o te tuku.

Ngā mōkihi mā roto i ngā kōhao (hei tauira, DIP) mō te THT, he nui te wāhi e nohoia ana; Ngā mōkihi whakamau-mata (hei tauira, SOP/BGA) mō te SMT, he nui te kiato engari he nui ake te uaua ki te whakapiri (hei tauira, me tika te whakahaere i te pāmahana o te BGA).

Ka maroke ngā hononga me te whakapiringa rūpahu nā te ngoikore o te āheinga honohono. Me rongoā mua ngā taura kua waikura/hinuhinu (horoi, pania ki te tine).

He pai te whakapiringa whakahurihuri mō ngā wāhanga SMT; he pai te whakapiringa ngaru mō ngā wāhanga SMT-rua me ngā wāhanga SMT nui. Ko ngā whakatakotoranga e whakaatu ana i ngā tukanga hototahi.

Te tuatahi ki roto, tuatahi ki waho (FIFO), te pāmahana/haumākū e whakahaeretia ana (20-25℃, 40%-60%RH), te tauira auau, me te whakamātautau/te tango i ngā wāhanga kua pau te wā/kua whakapaetia kua pau te wā.

Mahi ara iahiko rerekē (ngā tawhā hē, te rahunga maramara), ngā ara iahiko poto/ngā taumaha rawa, me te kino ki te PCB me ētahi atu wāhanga.

Tirotiro ā-kanohi (kino, waikura mata), whakamātautau tawhā hiko (mita maha/mita LCR), me te whakamātautau mahi o ngā wāhanga matua (hei tauira, te manatoko hōtaka maramara).

Tērā pea ka pakaru ngā hononga honohono ā-roto i roto i ngā maramara, ka pakaru rānei ngā pūnga hiko i roto i ngā pūnga hiko i te nui rawa o te ahotea wera, ka arahi atu ki te nekenekehanga o ngā tawhā, te pakaru rānei. Me whakahaere te kōtaha pāmahana me te wā.

Ko ngā tohu porowhita (hei tauira, te pūnga ±, ngā pere diode) ka tohua ki ngā papa PCB. Me manatoko ā-kanohi te tāutanga ā-ringa; me whai tawhā porowhita kua whakaritea ngā taputapu aunoa.

Me whakahaere te pāmahana/haumākū (±2℃, 40%-60%RH) me te tiaki ESD (papa ārai-pūmau, whitiki ringaringa, kākahu mahi) hei karo i te nekenekehanga o ngā tawhā me te kino o te ESD.

Mātāpono: Te tānga i te whakapiri konukōre → te whakatakotoranga wāhanga → te whakamahana kia rewa te whakapiri → te whakamatao kia konukōre. Te āhua pāmahana: Te whakamahana (1-3℃/s ki te 150-180℃), te rumakina (180-200℃, 60-120s), te rere anō (te tihi 217-235℃, 30-90s), te whakamatao (3-6℃/s).

Mātāpono: Ka hanga he ngaru te tūhono wai, ā, ka tūhonoa ngā taura PCB ina puta. He pai mō ngā wāhanga SMT nui me ngā wāhanga SMT nui.

Ngā Whakamahinga: Te hanga tauira, te whakatika, me ngā wāhi uaua ki te tae atu mō te aunoatanga. Ngā Whakatūpato: Rino whakapiri 20-60W, waea whakapiri 0.5-1.0mm, pāmahana 300-350℃, wā 3-5 hēkona, horoi-mua, me te tirotiro-muri.

Kōwhiria mā te tukanga: Whakapiri whakapiri kore-mata (Sn-Ag-Cu, 217-227℃) mō te rere anō; ngā pae whakapiri kore-mata/mata (Sn-Pb, 183℃ mō te whakapiri ngaru); waea whakapiri mō te whakapiri ā-ringa, me te whakaaro ki te makuku me te utu.

Te whakahaere i ngā tawhā tukanga (te pāmahana, te wā whakapiri), te whakatikatika i ngā taputapu, te whakangungu i ngā kaimahi, te whakamahi i ngā rauemi whai tohu, te tirotiro AOI/X-High, me te mahi anō i ngā hapa i te wā tika.

Hononga maroke: Whakatikatika i te pāmahana, whakaroa i te wā, horoia ngā mata; Ara iahiko poto: Whakaitihia te tūhonohono, arotau i te hoahoa; Hononga: Whakatikatika i te rahinga whakapiri, te kōtaha pāmahana; Kāore i te rawaka te tūhonohono: Whakanuia te whakapiri, arotau i te tukanga; Tūhonohono taratara: Tāpirihia te rere, whakatikahia te pāmahana.

Ngā Tūranga: Tangohia ngā waikura, whakaitihia te taumahatanga o te mata, whakapai ake i te mākū. Ngā Momo: Kore-waro (he nui te mahi, he waikura, me horoi), waro (he ngawari te mahi, he iti te waikura, me horoi), he mea hanga ki te rōsin (noa, kāore e waikura, kāore e horoia). Kōwhiria mā te tukanga me te hua

Ko te uara Tg te mea e whakatau ana i te ātete wera o te papa. Ko te Tg o te FR-4 paerewa he ~130-140℃, ko ngā rauemi Tg-teitei ia (≥170℃) ka tu atu ki ngā tihi rerenga anō o te 250℃, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea wehewehe. Ko ngā tukanga kore-mata me Tg ≥150℃.

Paerewa SMT: 4/4mil (0.1/0.1mm); Ka tutuki i ngā tukanga HDI te 2/2mil (0.05/0.05mm) me te whakaaturanga tino tika me te whakakikorua parahi kore-hiko.

Whāia te IPC-7351: Whānui o te papa QFP +0.1-0.2mm vs. whānui mata; e taunaki ana ngā papa 0603 i te 0.65×0.65mm mō te 0.04-0.06mg whakapiri tūhono mō ia papa.

Ka rewa te SAC305 matua (96.5Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu) i te 217℃, he 34℃ teitei ake i te Sn-Pb eutectic (183℃), ā, me nui ake ngā pāmahana rerenga anō.

Ngā wāhanga 0402: tauira 0.12mm; te kohao 0.5mm BGA: tauira 0.1mm me te whakatuwheratanga papa 85% hei ārai i ngā pōro honohono.

IPC-A-610: Te rerekētanga o te whakapiri honohono ≤25% o te whānui o te papa; ≤0.1mm mō te QFP o te 0.4mm.

Ko ngā mīhini papai (hei tauira, Fuji NXT) he Cpk≥1.33, ko te āheinga ki te whakahoki XY ±25μm, ko te tika θ ±0.5°, he pai mō ngā wāhanga 0201 me te BGA pitch 0.3mm.

Pēhanga whakatakotoranga MLCC: 0.3-0.5N (mōrearea o te pakaru i ngā pēhanga teitei ake); Ngā arai QFP: 0.8-1.2N mō te āhua papatahi.

Arotauhia te tika o te whakatakotoranga (±0.05mm), kia ōrite te rahinga o te whakapiri whakarewa, kia tere te rere o te pikinga ≤3℃/s hei whakaiti i te pikinga pāmahana.

Whakamahanahia (150-180℃): 1-2℃/s te pikinga; rumakina (180-210℃): 60-90s; te tihi rerenga anō 245-255℃, ≥217℃ mō te 60-90s; whakamatao 2-4℃/s.

Ka whakaitihia e te hauota (O₂＜500ppm) te waikura me te whakapai ake i te mākū, engari ka tāpirihia he 15-20% ki ngā utu tukatuka, he mea e tika ana mō ngā tono tino pono.

IPC-A-610 Akomanga 3: Ko te horahanga korekore ≤10% o te horahanga pōro whakarewa; ko ngā tono nui (hei tauira, mō ngā motuka) me ≤5%.

Te whakapiringa ngaru-rua: Ka rukuhia e te ngaru pōrearea te matotoru o te PCB 1/3-1/2; te teitei o te ngaru maeneene 0.5-1mm i raro i te raro o te PCB.

Kore-ma te rere: te nui o te totoka 10%) ka pai ake te makuku engari ka nui ake te mōrearea o ngā toenga, me horoi hototahi.

I te pāmahana ipu honohono 245-255℃, tere 1.2-1.8m/min; me 1m/min te whakakī mā roto i ngā PCB parahi matotoru.

Te whakapiri kore-mata: 350-380℃ te pāmahana o te matamata, ≤3 hēkona te roa o te whakapā. Ka puta te hiki i te papa, te waikura rānei o te mata i te wera nui.

Mā ngā pūnaha whakarārangi whatu (tika ±25μm) me ngā taputapu whakakoi anō ka whakarite kia

Whakamahanahia kia 150-180℃, hurihia te pāmahana kia 320-350℃, kia tere te hau kia 4-6 (20-30L/min) kia kore ai e huri te āhua o te mata.

Wai: he pai mō te taiao engari me nui te pāmahana (60-80℃), me te mōrearea o te waikura; Whakarewa (hei tauira, NMP): he pai te mahi engari me nui ngā taputapu ātete-pahū, me ngā here VOC.

IPC-TM-650: Toenga ionic 10⁹Ω.

Ka hipokina e te AOI tere-teitei te ≥95% o ngā hapa wāhanga 0402, ＞98% mō ngā hononga QFP/ngā ara ngaro, engari he uaua ki ngā āputa o roto o te BGA.

Ka tutuki i te hihi-X arotahi-iti te taumira 5μm, ka kitea ngā hononga BGA pitch 0.3mm me ngā roto PCB 20-apa.

Ka tuwhera te kitenga ICT tino tika i raro i te 0.1Ω, me te ātete pa ki ngā whao

IPC-J-STD-033: Ngā wāhanga MSL taumata 3 ≤168 hāora i te 30℃/60%RH; tunua ki te 125℃ mō ngā hāora 4-8 mēnā ka hipa.

Ngā hononga 0603: te kaha kume iti rawa ≥1.5N; Ngā ara QFP: te kaha kutikuti ≥5N, mō ia IPC-9701.

IPC-A-600: ≤1.5%; Ngā PCB i hangaia ki te BGA ≤0.7% hei ārai i ngā hononga maroke.

He HBM te aro o ngā taputapu CMOS

Ko te utu mō ngā rauemi he 40-50%, ko te utu tukatuka (tae atu ki te whakahekenga uara) he 30-40%, ko te utu tirotiro he 10-20%. Ko te utu mō ia wae he 30-50% teitei ake i te utu hanga papatipu.