Pūmau te Ngāwari

Ko te PCB pūmau-piko he papa ara iahiko e whakakotahi ana i ngā PCB pūmau me ngā PCB ngāwari mā roto i ngā tukanga motuhake, e tuku ana i te pumau tautoko me ngā āhuatanga piko/taka.

Ko ngā momo noa ko te ngāwari taha-kotahi/taha-rua me te pakari taha-kotahi/taha-rua, me te ngāwari papa-maha me te pakari papa-maha.

He mārō, he pumau ngā PCB pakari, he ngawari, he piko ngā PCB ngāwari, engari he iti te kaha. Ka whakakotahi ngā PCB pakari-piko i ō rātou painga ki te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia tahora uaua me te mahi ā-mīhini.

He mea tito mai i ngā paparanga mārō (FR-4, me ētahi atu), ngā paparanga ngāwari (polyimide PI), ngā paparanga piri (piripiri), me ngā tohu whakarewa.

Whakaarohia te uauatanga o te ara iahiko, ngā whakaritenga tohu, me te utu. E 2-4 ngā paparanga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā ara iahiko māmā; ko ngā ara iahiko tere-rahi uaua ka hiahiatia pea he ≥6 ngā paparanga.

Āta karohia ngā koki koi; whakamahia ngā koki porowhita/45°. Kia ōrite te whānui o ngā rārangi, kia whānui hoki. Āta karohia ngā vias i ngā wāhi piko (te tawhiti mai i te rohe piko-mārō ≥50mil).

Me neke māeneene, me poutū hoki ngā rārangi ki te ahunga piko. Me tohatoha ōrite ngā waea, me whakanui hoki te whānui. Kāore e whakaaetia ngā hoahoa PTH, Coverlay, me PP kore-rere i roto i te rohe whakawhiti.

Whakamahia te pūmanawa whakatauira hei tatau i ngā tawhā. Kōwhiria ngā dielectrics iti-ngaronga (hei tauira, te raupapa RO4000). Whakahaerehia te whakairo kia tino rite ai te whānui o ngā rārangi.

Tāpirihia ngā ara wera ki ngā paparanga mārō i raro i ngā wāhanga kaha-teitei. Whakamahia ngā papa whakarewa/ngā piripiri kawe wera. Whakahaerehia te whakatauira wera i te wāhanga hoahoa hei arotau i ngā ara marara wera.

Hoahoahia kia rite ki te wāhi tāutanga me te hanganga mīhini. Me whai whakaaro te rahi o te wāhi ngāwari ki te piko me te rerekētanga kia kore ai e pēhia rawatia.

Kia maeneene te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā papa me ngā tohu; karohia ngā koki tika. Whakatakotoria ngā matimati honohono mō ngā papa motuhake hei whakapakari i te tautoko me te pakari o te honohono.

Kaua e whakamahia ngātahitia ngā kōhao taputapu i roto i ngā papa ngāwari. Me whai whakaaro ki te tika o te tukatuka me te huihuinga ina whakanohoia ngā kōhao ki ngā wāhi pakari.

Whakawehewehea ngā papaaho kia tika ai te whakaiti i te haruru. Honoa ngā papaaho mā roto i ngā vias/ngā kōhao whakarewa, me te aro ki te pono me te kaha kawe iahiko.

Kaua e whakamahi i ngā vias i ngā wāhi piko. Tāpirihia ngā tohu parahi tiaki, ngā tohu āhua-piko rānei ina wātea te wāhi. Whakanuia te wāhi piko kia rite ki te taea.

Āta karohia ngā tohu whakarara roa. Whakamahia ngā tohu rerekētanga. Whakanuia te mokowā i waenga i ngā paparanga tohu me te whenua hei whakaiti i te hononga.

Whakatakotoria ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau ki ngā wāhi pakari kia māmā ai te whakamātautau whakaputa. Me wātea ngā tūranga, ā, kaua e pā ki ngā mahi a te ara iahiko.

Me taurite ngā tauwehenga whānui wera o ngā paparanga pakari me ngā paparanga ngāwari. Me pai te piri o te paparanga piri ki ngā mea e rua (hei tauira, PI me FR-4).

Whakaritehia te raupapa whakarārangi mā te momo tohu (ngā tohu tere-nui e tata ana ki ngā paparanga whenua). Tauritehia te matotoru me te utu.

Whakamahia ngā tohu me ngā tuhinga mārama ki ngā tuhi hei tohu i ngā awhe piko, ngā ahunga, me ngā whakaritenga pūtoro.

Whakatakotoria ngā tauira hua, ngā tau putanga, ngā rā whakaputa, me ētahi atu, ki ngā wāhi pakari. Me mārama ngā tautuhi, me ātete ki te pakaru, me te whai i ngā mea e hiahiatia ana.

Kia poto, kia tika hoki ngā tohu, me te iti noa o ngā ara whakawhiti. Whakamahia ngā hanganga moroiti/raina whakawhiti. Āraia hei ārai i te irahiko me te pokanoa.

Hoahoa kia tutuki ai ngā āheinga tukanga a ngā kaihanga (te whānui/mokowā iti rawa o ngā rārangi, te rahi mā, me ētahi atu). Whakahaere i te huihuinga aunoa/ā-ringa.

Kia maeneene ngā whakawhiti kia kore ai e kukū te ahotea. Whakamahia ngā panonitanga whānui rārangi mārire, ngā hanganga whakawhiti motuhake rānei.

Mā te whakakikorua parahi i ngā wāhi pakari ka āwhina i te marara o te wera, ka whakaiti hoki i te aukati whenua. I ngā wāhi ngāwari, whakaarohia te pono o te piko mō te whakakikorua parahi.

Takahia ki te whenua, ā, tāpirihia he paparanga ārai. Puritia kia matara atu i ngā pūtake pokanoa (ngā wāhanga kaha-nui, ngā tohu karaka, me ētahi atu).

Whakatakotoria he whakatakotoranga tika hei whakaiti i ngā pūtake irahiko. Āraia ngā ara iahiko e ngāwari ana te pokanoa. Whakapaipaihia te tūhono whenua hei whakaiti i te ātete.

Kōwhiria ngā vias (matapō/tāpuke/roto) e ai ki te hiahia. Ka whakaitihia ngā paparanga e ngā vias matapō/tāpuke engari he nui te utu. Whakamahia kia tūpato ki ngā wāhi ngāwari.

Hangaia he pūwhera kia paku nui ake i te mea i hangaia kia rere ai te kāpia. Whakamahia he mati motuhake mō ngā pūwhera iti, matotoru.

Whakanuia te parahi i ngā wāhi pakari (whakatakotoria ngā moenga parahi totoka ki ngā wāhi para). Kōwhiria te matotoru o te rauemi kia tika.

Me whakarite kia rawaka te whānui o te rārangi mō ngā iahiko teitei. Whakamahia he pepa parahi paparua maha, tāpirihia rānei he tohu. Whakaarohia te whakamararatanga wera me te hekenga ngaohiko.

Whakamaherehia te whakatakoto panera kia rite ki ngā taputapu me ngā tukanga whakaputa. Whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi; kia mōhio ki te rahi o te āhua me te tūnga.

Whakatakotoria ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau me ngā atanga whakatika. Whakatakotoria ngā wāhanga kia māmā ai te wetewete. Whakaratohia ngā tohutohu whakatika taipitopito.

Whakatakotoria ngā wāhanga mā roto i te kōhao ki ngā wāhi pakari kia māmā ai te whakapiri. Tohatohahia ngā wāhanga SMD ki ngā wāhi pakari/ngāwari kia pono ai ngā hononga.

Whakatakotoria he tohu pono maha ki ngā wāhi pakari mō te tūnga whakaputa me te whakatikatika. Me tutuki ngā āhua/rahi i ngā whakaritenga taputapu.

Kōwhiria ngā rauemi e tika ana mō ngā awhe pāmahana/haumākū. Whakapakarihia te whakapiri me te tautoko i roto i ngā taiao wiri; whakapaitia te tahora hei whakaiti i ngā pānga.

Whakamahia te wehewehe ā-tinana (te mokowā/te ārai) te wehewehe hiko rānei (ngā hononga-whakawhiti/ngā whakawhiti) hei wehe i ngā tohu anaro/matihiko, me ētahi atu.

He mea whakapiri ā-rohe/whakapiri katoa te PI/maitai/FR4 me ētahi atu rauemi whakapakari. Kōwhiria ngā tikanga me ngā matotoru e hiahiatia ana.

Whakangāwaritia te hoahoa hei whakaiti i ngā paparanga me ngā hanganga uaua. Kōwhiria ngā rauemi/tukanga e whai hua ana. Arotauhia te whakarārangi me ngā tukanga.

Kia mau tonu te tawhiti hei ārai i te pakaru. Whakamahia ngā rauemi ārai/ngā paparanga wehewehe. He mea motuhake hei tiaki i ngā tohu hiko-tiketike.

He pai te whakarewa mō te nuinga o ngā take; kia mau te kounga. Ko te whakapiko he mea mō ngā hononga auau; tīpakohia ngā hononga me ngā tukanga e tika ana.

Tukanga: Hanga papa mārō → hanga papa ngāwari → hononga mārō-ngoikore → tukatuka āhua → maimoatanga mata → whakamātautau.

Ngā paparanga pakari: FR-4; ngā paparanga ngāwari: polyimide (PI).

Whakahaerehia te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te wā o te whakakī. Arotauhia te raupapatanga hei whakaiti i te ahotea. Ārai i ngā mirumiru me ngā kita.

Whakamahia te pepa parahi ngāwari. Whakahaerehia ngā tawhā whakairo. Whakamahia te ara whatunga i ngā wāhi piko hei whakamarara i te ahotea.

Keri taiaho + mā te whakakī/whakakikorua hiko. Ngā tawhā whakahaere hei karo i ngā pūwero. Whakamātauria te kawe hiko kia tino tika.

Whakamahia ngā taputapu mira/tā tino tika. Whakamaua ngā wāhi ngāwari ki ngā āputa i te wā e tukatuka ana. Tāia ngā wāhi ngāwari i mua i ngā wāhi pakari i te tānga o te mate.

Ko te koura rumaki, te whakakikorua koura, te HASL, te OSP (te mea tiaki honohono waro), me ētahi atu, ka tīpakohia kia rite ki te hiahia.

Whakapai ake i ngā tawhā whakapiri kia papatahi. Whakanuia te rahi o te wāhi ngāwari i roto i te hoahoa. Whakamahia he tautoko tika me te whakapiri i te wā e tukatuka ana.

Whakahaerehia te whakairo kia rite te whānui o ngā rārangi. Kōwhiria ngā rauemi dielectric pumau me te tino tika. Aroturukihia me te whakarerekē i te aukati i te wā tonu i te wā e whakaputa ana.

Arotauhia ngā tukanga hei whakaiti i ngā mahi. Whakamahia ngā taputapu aunoa. Whakaritea he wā whakaputa tika hei whakapai ake i te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu.

Whakanuia te hoahoa parahi toenga. Whakatikatikahia te tere whakamahana o te 压板 ≥3.0℃/min. Tīpakohia ngā rauemi kāpia e tika ana kia ōrite te whakakī.

Kōwhiria he kāpia piri-teitei. Horoia ngā mata piri. Whakahaerehia te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te wā piri.

Whakamaua ngā kokonga e whā ki te rino whakapiri i mua i te whakapiringa. Whakatikatikahia ngā tawhā whakapiringa kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te hipoki. Āraia ngā kita me ngā mirumiru.

Whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau hiko tino pakari (AOI, whakamātautau i ngā taputapu rere) i te wā e whakaputa ana. Whakahaerehia ngā tukanga kia kore ai e kitea he hapa iti.

Whakamahia ngā papa kukume hei whakawhiti i ngā rārangi whakapae, hei ārai hoki i te piri. Whakamahia he whakapiri me he tautoko motuhake i te wā e tukatuka ana kia pumau ai.

Whakamahia ngā pūnaha tūnga tino tika (reera/pine). Tirohia me te whakatika i te tūnga i mua i te whakarārangi.

Whakamahia he pepa parahi hiko ngāwari. Hoahoahia te whānui piko ≥10x te matotoru o te papa. He ara motuhake hei whakarei ake i te ātete ki te ngenge.

Whakapai ake i te hoahoa tohu mō te kaha ki te honohono. Tīpakohia ngā tukanga honohono e tika ana (honohono rere/ngaru). Whakahaerehia te pāmahana me te wā.

Whakamahia ngā taputapu tā mata me ngā tauira tino tika. Horoia, ā, whakatakotoria ngā papa i mua i te tānga, ā, kia tino aroturukihia ngā tawhā pēnei i te pēhanga, te tere, me te koki o te mīhini tā.

Kōwhiria he waituhi me he tukanga e tika ana kia mārama ai, kia ātete ai hoki ki te pakaru o ngā tohu. Kia tūpato ki te tūranga me te ahunga o te tā, ā, tirohia te kounga kia kore ai e pōuri, e tihore rānei.

Whakatūria he pūnaha whakahaere kounga katoa. Whakahaerehia rawatia ngā rauemi mata, ngā tukanga, me ngā tawhā taputapu. Tiakina me te whakataurite i ngā taputapu i ia wā, me te whakahaere i ngā tirotiro tauira.

Whakarōpūtia, ka hangaruatia hoki ngā para pēnei i te konganuku me te kirihou. Whakapaitia ngā para konganuku, ka whakamahi anō, ka tahu rānei i ngā para kirihou kia pai ai te taiao.

Tāutahia ngā papa ārai-pūmau, ngā tēpu mahi, ngā whitiki ringaringa, me ētahi atu, ki roto i te awheawhe. Whakakorikoria ngā taputapu ki te whenua, ā, whakamahia he takai ārai-pūmau mō ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua kāore anō kia oti.

Te whakawhanake i ngā whakatakotoranga taipitopito o te tukanga whakahou, te whakangungu i ngā kaimahi whakahou, te whakamahi i ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu e tika ana, me te tiaki i ngā ara iahiko me ngā wāhanga e karapoti ana.

Kia mau tonu te ma o te awheawhe, me te patu huakita i ia wā. Whakamahia he takai ātete puehu, ātete makuku hoki mō ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua kua oti te hanga, ā, whakamahia hoki he tukanga whakaputa ma.

Whakamahia ngā takai tiaki pērā i ngā putea ārai-pūmau me ngā papa pahuka. Tāpirihia he tapanga ki ngā tauira hua, ngā rahinga, ngā rā whakaputa, me ētahi atu.

Whakamahia ngā taputapu ārai-pūmau, ā, kaua e koi. Whakamaua ki te momi korehau, ki ngā rawhi motuhake rānei. Kaua e tōia, e whakapiko rānei, ā, whakamahia ngā paepae motuhake mō te whakahaere.

Te hoahoa whenua koretake, te paparanga parepare kua pakaru, te koretake o te mokowā ara, me te aukati kore e rite mō ngā tohu tere-tiketike.

Ka taea e ngā rauemi polyimide te tu atu i ngā pāmahana teitei mō te wā poto o te 260°C. E taunakihia ana kia whakahaerehia te pāmahana tihi i te 245°C-255°C me te roanga o te pāmahana teitei ≤60 hēkona.

Whakapai ake i ngā tawhā tukanga pēnei i ngā pihi pēhanga me ngā pihi pāmahana whakanoho. Whakamahia ngā mīhini me ngā pūnaha whakanoho tino tika, me te whakapakari i te tirotiro rauemi e haere mai ana.

Tirohia te pūtoro o te porowhita whakawhiti (e taunakitia ana ≥0.5mm), karohia te kukū o te ahotea huihuinga, ā, tāpirihia he pereti whakakaha, whakapaitia rānei ngā tukanga piko.

Whakaritea ngā wāhanga iti, angiangi, ātete-piko (hei tauira, ngā maramara hurihuri, 0201 me ngā kete iti ake). Āta karohia ngā wāhanga he taura matotoru, he taura taumaha rānei.

Whakakotahitia te keri taiaho me te keri miihini, whakamahia ngā kōhao tūnga me ngā ūnga mō te whakahāngai, me te aroturuki i te wā tūturu me te AOI.

Whakamahia te hihi-X hei kite i ngā āputa o roto me te whakapiringa makariri. Whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau kukume me ngā whakamātautau huringa wera hei aromatawai i te pono o te taiao.

E ai ki ngā paerewa IPC, ≥3 ngā wā o te matotoru o te papa (hei tauira, 0.1mm PI papa, ≥0.3mm te tūtohutanga). Tirohia ngā tawhā a te kaiwhakarato rauemi.

Tirohia te roa o te ara me te whaitake o te tohu piko. Whakaūtia te taurite aukati me te pūmau dielectric o ngā rauemi dielectric.

Kōwhiria he kāpia e tika ana te matotoru, whakahaeretia te rōrahi me te tūranga o te paninga, ā, whakarerekētia ngā tawhā me ngā ara tohatoha kia kore ai e waipuke.

Tērā pea ka rerekē te āhua, ka whati rānei ngā kita, ka pā ki te mahi hiko me te mahi ā-mīhini. Whakakapia, whakatikahia rānei, ka whakamātautau anō.

Whakamahia te whakamātautau ine rere, te ICT, te whakamātautau FCT rānei. Whakatauirahia te piko tuturu o ngā wāhanga ngāwari me te whakamātautau i te pono o te tohu, te ngaohiko/au, me ētahi atu.

≥10¹⁰Ω i te pāmahana/haumākū noa, ≥10⁸Ω i muri i ngā hāora 168 i te 85℃/85%RH (paerewa IPC-6012).

Tāpirihia kia 1.5-2 ngā wā o te ngaohiko whakatauranga mō ngā meneti 1-5, me te kore e pakaru, e mura rānei (hei tauira, 75-100V mō te ngaohiko whakatauranga 50V).

Whakahaerehia ngā huringa pāmahana teitei-iti (-40℃→rūma→85℃), puritia ia pāmahana mō te 30-60 meneti, ≥50 huringa, ā, tirohia mēnā he iti noa te ngatata, te wehewehe rānei.

Whakamahia ngā taputapu motuhake hei whakatakoto i te koki (hei tauira, ±90°) me te auau (10 huringa/min), pikohia kia hinga, kātahi ka tuhia ngā huringa (≥100,000 ngā wā).

Whakamahia ngā taputapu whakamātautau rere, ngā mita maha rānei, hei rapurongoā i ngā hapa i ia tohu, i ia tohu. Whakamahia te AOI hei kimi i te tuwhera o te mata, me te mita pūwero mō te tirotiro ā-roto mēnā e tika ana.

Kaua e pēhi, e kume rānei i ngā wāhanga ngāwari. Whakamahia ngā pūwero rapa, whakatauritea te tika o te tūnga o te pūwero ki te papa, ā, kia tino whai i ngā tikanga ārai-pūmau.

Whakahoutia anō ngā hononga whakahoaho makariri/korekore ki te pū hau wera. Whakamahia te miki tango whakahoaho mō ngā ara iahiko poto, ā, whakahaeretia te pāmahana me te wā.

Mō ngā wāhanga ngāwari, whakamahia te mīhini iti laser hei tango i ngā wāhi pakaru, me te whakatika mā te whakakikorua hiko whiriwhiri, mā te whakapiripiri arataki rānei. Mō ngā wāhanga pakari, whakamahia ngā waea pekepeke, whakakapia rānei ngā wāhanga.

Whakahaere anō i ngā whakamātautau ātete mahi me te ātete ārai wera me ngā tirotiro tirohanga. Whakakahangia ngā wāhi kua whakatikahia (whakapirihia he paninga āhua rite, tāpirihia he pereti whakakaha) me te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau taiao mēnā e tika ana.

He iti ake te utu mō te whakatikatika i ngā pakaru iti; he pai ake te hanga anō mō ​​ngā pakaru maha-paparanga, ngā pakaru nui rānei. Ko te utu whakatikatika he tata ki te 30%-70% o ngā utu whakaputa.

Tiakina ngā wāhi kāore anō kia whakatikatikaina ki ngā rauemi ārai wera. Whakamahia ngā taputapu angiangi, kāore e koi kia kore ai e rakuraku ngā wāhanga ngāwari, ā, horoia hoki ngā paru e toe ana.

Te maha o ngā paparanga, te rahi, te uaua o te tukanga (hei tauira, ngā via matapo/tātari, te aukati tino tika), te kōwhiringa rauemi, te rahinga ota. Ko ngā tukanga te 30%-50%.

Whakapai ake i te hoahoa kia iti ake ngā paparanga me ngā tukanga motuhake. Kōwhiria ngā rauemi utu-whai hua, whakanuia te rahi o ngā puranga, me te whiriwhiri i ngā mahere pai ki ngā kaiwhakarato.

10-15 ngā rā mō ngā hua noa, 20-30 ngā rā mō ngā hua uaua, me te 5-7 ngā rā mō ngā ota tere (me te pikinga o ngā utu).

He whakaurunga kiato teitei ake, he hoahoa angiangi ake, he hoahoa māmā ake (hei tauira, Anylayer HDI), he rauemi ngāwari me te iti o te pūmau dielectric me te ngāwari teitei, me te whakaurunga ki ngā takai matatau pēnei i te SiP.

Te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga tuku tohu auau-teitei me te tere-teitei, te whakaoti rapanga whakaiti me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te whakapai ake i te ātete piko me te pono o ngā wāhanga ngāwari.

Ka arotau te hangarau mohio ki te hoahoa, ka matapae hoki i ngā hapa. Ka whakarerekētia e te ako mīhini ngā tawhā tukanga, ā, ka whakapai ake te tirotiro ā-kanohi hangarau mohio ki te whai huatanga o te mōhio ki ngā hapa.

Te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te RoHS, REACH, me ētahi atu, ngā here mō ngā matū kino, te whakaiti i ngā tukunga wai para/hau, me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi/tukanga e pai ana ki te taiao.

He tino pono, he hototahi ki te koiora, he tiwhikete ISO 13485, he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga EMC, me te ātete ki te whakamatemate i te pāmahana/pēhanga teitei.