Te hōtaka IC

Ka arotahi te hōtaka pūmanawa whānui ki ngā tono i runga i ngā pūnaha whakahaere rorohiko, ka whakamahi i ngā reo taumata-tiketike, ā, ka rere i runga i ngā tukatuka whānui. Ka taunekeneke tika te hōtaka IC me ngā maramara taputapu, me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga taputapu pēnei i ngā rēhita me ngā kawa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahi i te reo huihuinga, i ngā reo motuhake rānei ki te maramara, ā, ka rongoa i ngā hua ki te mahara kore-rerekē o te maramara.

Ko ngā momo noa ko ngā pūmana iti (MCU), ngā tukatuka iti (MPU), ngā rarangi kuaha hōtaka-marae (FPGA), ngā maramara mahara uira, me ngā tukatuka tohu mamati (DSP).

Ka whakawhiwhia ki ngā IC he arorau whanonga motuhake. Hei tauira, ka whakaritea he maramara Nihokikorangi hei whakatakoto i ngā aratau mahi me ngā tawhā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō te hononga taputapu me te tuku raraunga. Ki te kore he hōtaka, he "hua haurua-oti" noa iho te IC.

Mō ngā IC e whakahohea ana e te putanga, tirohia mēnā e rite ana ngā tohu ki ngā tumanakohanga mā te hononga ara iahiko (hei tauira, he rama LED e kimo ana i runga i te hōtaka). Mō ngā IC mahara, pānuihia ngā raraunga me te kaihōtaka, tirohia rānei ngā haki tūnga o te maramara.

Te āhua ōrite: E rua ngā mea e whakamahi ana i ngā atanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hei whakawhiti raraunga ki te mahara maramara.

Rerekētanga: Ka tuhi waehere ngā MCU ki te Flash mā roto i ngā atanga JTAG/SWD; ka utaina ngā raraunga whirihoranga e ngā FPGA ki ngā ripanga rapu (LUT) hei whirihora anō i te arorau taputapu, me ngā raraunga e rongoatia ana ki te flash o waho, ā, ka utaina mā roto i te SPI.

Kei roto ko te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu/pūmanawa hōtaka, te hono i ngā taputapu ki te IC, te whakatakoto i ngā tawhā maramara, te uta i ngā kōnae hōtaka (.hex/.bin, me ētahi atu), te whakahaere hōtaka, me te mahi manatoko me te whakamātautau mahi.

Ko te kupu "Burn-in" he kupu noa mō te hōtaka IC, e pā ana ki te tuhi waehere tūturu ki roto i te mahara kore-pohehe o te maramara (hei tauira, te Flash a te MCU). I ahu mai te kupu i ngā mahi "tahu" ngaohiko teitei o mua, ā, kei te whakamahia tonutia i ēnei rā.

He mahara e pupuri ana i ngā raraunga ina whakawetohia te hiko. Ko ngā momo noa i roto i te hōtaka IC ko te Flash (e pupuri ana i te waehere/raraunga) me te EEPROM (e pupuri ana i ngā mōhiohio whirihoranga), he rerekē ki te mahara hurihuri (hei tauira, RAM).

He pūmanawa kua whakauruhia ki roto i ngā taputapu pūmārō, kua rongoatia ki roto i te mahara kore-hurihuri IC, e whakahaere ana i ngā mahi taketake me te whakarato atanga mō ngā pūmanawa paparanga-runga, pērā i te pūmanawa pouara e whakahaere ana i ngā hononga whatunga.

Ko ngā rerekētanga kei roto i ngā atanga hōtaka (hei tauira, te JTAG/SWD a ST me te ICD a Microchip), ngā taputapu (hei tauira, te ST-Link me te MPLAB X), ngā whirihoranga rēhita, me te tautoko reo hōtaka.

Me whai pūtake hiko pumau, me whai ārai-pūmau (hei tauira, ngā whitiki ringaringa/papa mahi), ngā taputapu hōtaka ōrite (ngā atanga pono), me ngā pūtake karaka motuhake mō ngā maramara tere-teitei.

E whakarato ana i ngā taiao whanaketanga whakauru (IDE), pūmanawa tahu, me ngā taraiwa, e whakangāwari ana i te hōtaka mā roto i ngā whare pukapuka/anga whanaketanga hei whakarite i te whakahiato waehere, te patuiro, me te tuku raraunga.

He uara i tatauhia mai i ngā raraunga kōnae hōtaka hei manatoko i te ōritetanga o ngā raraunga i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i te tahunga. Mēnā he ōrite te taurite, he tohu pea tēnei mō te tika o te hōtaka; mēnā he ōrite te taurite, tera pea he hapa tuku, he hapa maramara rānei.

Pūnaha aroturuki pāmahana atamai: Ka kohia e te MCU ngā raraunga mai i ngā pūoko pāmahana, ka whakahaere i ngā pā/whakamahana i runga i ngā paepae, me te hōtaka e āhei ai te tukatuka raraunga, te whakahaere arorau, me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

Mā te hoahoa ara iahiko ka whakaratohia te turanga taputapu (pūnaha hiko/atanga/pūnaha tāpiri) mō te hōtaka, ko te hōtaka ia e whakahaere ana i ngā IC kia tutuki ai ngā mahi ara iahiko. Ka pā te kōwhiringa atanga ki te waehere hōtaka, ā, mā ngā whakaritenga hōtaka ka pai ake te ara iahiko.

I muri i te whakapūtanga PCB me te whakamātautau hiko (hei tauira, AOI/ICT), i te nuinga o te wā hei karo i ngā rahunga hōtaka, i te mahi anō rānei nā ngā hapa taputapu.

Ka whakamuna i ngā raraunga hōtaka mā roto i ngā rauropi hei ārai i te pānui/tārua kore whakamanatanga (tiakitanga IP) me ngā whakaeke kino (hei tauira, ngā kāri IC pūtea e whakarite ana i te haumarutanga o ngā tauwhitinga).

Ka taea e ētahi MCU te whakamuna mā te whakatakoto i ngā moka rēhita me te tuhi i te manatoko kī. Ka taea e ngā maramara me te whakamunatanga taputapu (hei tauira, AES) te whakamahi i ngā mahi kua hangaia hei whakamuna i ngā raraunga i mua i te tuhi.

Kāore i te tino haumaru (he ngoikore ki ngā whakaeke ā-tinana), engari mā te whakamahinga tika o te whakamunatanga me ngā tikanga haumarutanga (hei tauira, te ārai-tātari/whakaara haumaru) ka tutuki te nuinga o ngā hiahia o te taupānga.

Me whai pepa raraunga maramara, ngā kōnae hōtaka (.hex/.bin), ngā hoahoa taputapu, me ngā pukapuka ā-ringa mō te hōtaka.

I hangaia mā te whakahiato waehere i roto i ngā taiao whanaketanga (hei tauira, Keil/IAR), mā te tango me te whakahiato rānei i ngā whare pukapuka/waehere pūtake-tuwhera a te hunga tuatoru.

Kei roto i te .hex te wāhitau/tāpiri tirotiro, ka taea te pānui, mō ngā MCU; he iti ake te .bin mō ngā horopaki iti-rohe mō te rokiroki. He pai ake te .hex mō te hototahi/te ngāwari ki te pānui; whakamahia te .bin mō te rahi iti rawa.

Whirihorahia i roto i ngā taputapu hōtaka e ai ki ngā rau raraunga, hei tauira, te auau karaka MCU (whakatakotoria ngā tauwehenga wehewehe/whakarea), te wā pānui/tuhi maramara mahara, me ētahi atu, me te manatoko ā-ringa.

Kia tika te ōrite o ngā atanga (hei tauira, ngā pine JTAG), kia tika te raupapa o ngā pine, kia mau ngā hononga, ā, whakamahia ngā taura rīpene mō ngā IC maha-pine hei karo i te whakapā kino.

Tīpakohia te tauira maramara → utaina te kōnae → tautuhi i ngā tawhā (aratau ūkui/tere/manatoko) → honoa te taputapu → whakahaere i te hōtaka → tirohia ngā rangitaki/haere whakamua.

Mā te muku ka mukua ngā raraunga mahara toenga hei ārai i te pokanoa ki ngā hōtaka hou. Tīpakohia te aratau muku (katoa/wāhanga) i roto i te pūmanawa.

Ka whakaatuhia e te pūmanawa hōtaka te ahunga whakamua mā roto i ngā pae me ngā rangitaki (hononga/ūkui/tuhi), me ngā waehere hapa (hei tauira, te wā mutu/rahunga) mō ngā take.

Hei whakarite kia tika te tuhi raraunga. Pānuihia ngā raraunga maramara ka whakataurite ki te kōnae taketake (tāpeke tirotiro/paita-i-te-paita). Mena ka ōrite te taurite, he tohu angitu; ki te kore, rapurongoā.

Ngā hononga taputapu ngoikore, ngā kōnae kua pakaru, ngā hapa maramara, ngā hapa tawhā, ngā kī whakamunatanga kāore i te ōrite, me ētahi atu.

Tirohia ngā hononga, hangaia anō ngā kōnae, whakakapia ngā maramara, tīmata anō rānei i ngā pūmanawa/pūmārō ka ngana anō.

Whakamahia ngā kaihōtaka maha-hongere (hei tauira, 1-ki-8), arotauhia ngā tawhā (monokia te manatoko koretake), whakahaere aunoa me ngā raina taputapu/huihuinga, me te whakatinana i te ārai hapa (taurite aunoa i ngā kōnae/tauira).

Whakamahia ngā putanga kōnae ōrite, ngā tautuhinga tawhā ōrite, te whakatikatika hongere auau, te manatoko/whakamātautau wāhanga tuatahi, me te tauira ā-wā.

Whakamahia ngā mīhini tahu maha-hongere me ngā raina huihuinga, ngā ringa karetao mō te kawe PCBA, ngā taputapu aunoa mō te hononga atanga, me ngā pūnaha MES hei hopu i ngā raraunga tahu (wā/putanga/hua, me ētahi atu).

Hangaia he ara iahiko whakamātautau tika, whakatauira i ngā taiao tūturu, whakauru i ngā tohu paerewa, whakamahi i ngā oscilloscopes/tātari arorau hei kimi putanga, me te mahi i ngā whakamātautau pumau pāmahana teitei/iti.

Ngā hapa hōtaka (arorau/tawhā), te ngoikore o te whakapiringa taputapu/te kino o ngā wāhanga, ngā take kounga IC, ngā hapa taputapu whakamātautau.

Pānuihia ngā pukapuka ārahi kia mārama ai koe ki ngā tikanga, kia ata whakatakoto i ngā tawhā (hei tauira, te ngaohiko), kia tika ai ngā hononga atanga, ā, kia whakamahia ngā taputapu ārai hapa (hei tauira, ngā tohu whakaū).

Akohia ngā pepa raraunga (atanga/kawa/rēhita), tāutahia ngā taputapu/taraiwa hōtaka a te kaihoko hou, me te whirihora i ngā tawhā tīmatanga e ai ki ngā hoahoa tohutoro.

Manatokohia te waehere i te wā e whakahiatohia ana, whakamahia ngā arowhai i mua/i muri i te hōtaka (checksum/CRC), whakarite kia pumau te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero (ngā mahi ārai-whakararuraru), me te whakatinana i te rokiroki koretake mō ngā raraunga nui.

Whakamahia ngā taputapu whakahaere putanga (hei tauira, Git) mō te waehere, tāmauhia ngā tau putanga ki ngā pane kōnae, ā, tuhia ngā putanga kōnae mā te MES mō te PCBA. Ka āwhina i te whai i ngā take, te whakapai ake i ngā pūmanawa, me te tiaki.

Kāore e hototahi te kaihōtaka, ngā hapa kōnae, ngā hononga ngoikore, ngā rerekētanga o te ngaohiko, te pakaru o te maramara, te pūmanawa tawhito.

Manatokohia te angitu o te hōtaka → ine i te ngaohiko o te pūtake hiko → tirohia ngā tohu pine matua → tirohia ngā hononga ara iahiko ā-taha → whakatairite i ngā rerekētanga pūmanawa ki ngā PCBA e mahi ana.

Tirohia te pono o te kōnae me te pumau o te hononga, ngana anō ki te muku/hōtaka. Mēnā he maha ngā hapa, tera pea he tohu kei te pakaru te maramara me whakakapi.

Kei roto i ngā mahi ko te kōwhiringa tauira IC, te whakahaere kōnae hōtaka, te tautuhinga tawhā (muku/hōtaka/manatoko), te aroturuki i te ahunga whakamua, te akiaki hapa, me te whakahaere taraiwa hōtaka.

Ka tautoko te nuinga o ngā pūmanawa i ngā whakahōutanga tuihono (mā te tahua Tautuhinga/Āwhina), ka kawemai ā-ringa rānei i ngā kōnae whare pukapuka hou kua tikiakehia mai i te paetukutuku a te kaihanga.

Tirohia ngā hononga (tauranga USB/taura), tāuta anō i ngā taraiwa, whakarite kei te kā te hiko; whakapā atu ki te kaihanga mō te rahunga taputapu.

Kāore i te whānui ngā pūmanawa kaihōtaka motuhake. Ka tautokohia e ētahi kaihōtaka whānui ngā taputapu tuatoru (e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hototahitanga o te tauira IC me te kawa).

Me whakarite kia haumaru te taiao hei ārai i te turuturu, me whakaū kei te ōrite ngā tautuhinga whakamunatanga ki te hoahoa, ā, kia rite ki te whakauru i ngā kī/tiwhikete mēnā e hiahiatia ana.

Tērā pea ka kore e pumau te hōtaka me te tawhito o ngā wāhanga. Te pāmahana e taunakitia ana: 0-40℃.

Whakamahia ngā putanga hōtaka motuhake ki te BGA, ngā atanga hōtaka ā-roto rānei (hei tauira, ngā tauranga patuiro) kua rāhuitia ki te PCBA.

Whakamahia ngā taputapu tirotiro tino tika, ngā urutau FPC, kia tika rānei te kounga o te whakapiri hei whakaiti i te makariri o ngā hononga.

Ka hōtakahia e te ISP (In-System Programming) ngā IC mā roto i ngā atanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i muri i te huihuinga PCBA; ka aro nui te ICP (In-Circuit Programming) ki ngā whakahoutanga hihiri i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te pūnaha.

Whakamahia ngā kaihōtaka papatipu maha-teihana, whakauru atu ki ngā raina whakaputa aunoa, whakamahia rānei ngā mahi puranga pūmanawa.

Whakapaipai i ngā kōnae, whakamahia ngā kaihōtaka tere-teitei, ngā tikanga hōtaka whakarara, me te whakahaere i ngā rerengamahi.

Whakahaerehia ngā putanga kōnae, whakatikatikahia ngā taputapu i ia wā, tirohia ngā tauira IC kua whakaritea, me te tuhi i ngā raraunga matua kia taea ai te whai.

Ko ngā paerewa noa ko ngā whakaritenga JEDEC mō ngā maramara mahara; he aratohu hōtaka anō tā ngā kaihanga.

Ka tautokohia e ngā IC muku (hei tauira, Flash) ngā mahi maha engari he iti noa te roa o te ora; kāore e taea te muku i ngā IC OTP.

Kei runga i te kaha rokiroki, te tere o te kaihōtaka, me te aratau hōtaka (hei tauira, te muku maramara-katoa/wāhanga).

He au/ngaohiko rerekē, he ara iahiko poto o roto, he ngoikore te tohatoha wera, he roa rānei te wā hōtaka.

Horoia ki ngā kaihoko motuhake, ki ngā pine pereti tine, ki te whakamahi rānei i ngā taputapu hōtaka e piri pūmau ana.

Tirohia ngā waea, ngā tawhā o ngā kawa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te pumau o te hiko, whakakapia rānei ngā atanga/taraiwa.

Whakamahia ngā atanga hōtaka kua rāhuitia (hei tauira, JTAG/SWD), ngā taura rere, ngā kaihōtaka i roto i te ara iahiko rānei.

Ngā hōputu noa: HEX (kuputuhi wāhitau), BIN (rua parakore), ELF (pūnaha tāmau).

Whakamahia ngā taputapu pēnei i te GCC hei whakahiato i ngā kōnae ahanoa, hono atu ki ngā kōnae whakahaere, kātahi ka huri ki te HEX/BIN mā ngā taputapu hōtaka.

Tērā pea ka kore e oti ngā raraunga, ka pakaru rānei te IC; me ūkui anō me te whakarite anō.

Whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mahi (ngā horopaki whakatauira), ngā whakamātautau hiko (ngaohiko/au), me te aroturuki mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu patuiro.

Tērā pea he iti noa ngā rerekētanga o te wā hōtaka/tawhē ngaohiko nā ngā rerekētanga o te tukanga, i roto i te manawanui.

Te mahi a te taputapu, te kawa hōtaka, te kaha rokiroki IC, te aratau hōtaka, me te arotautanga o ngā raupaparorohiko pūmanawa.

Whakamahia te hiko pumau (hei tauira, UPS), ngā kōnae tārua, karohia ngā pokanoa, me te tiaki i ngā taputapu i ia wā.

Tāutuhia te raruraru, tirohia ngā tautuhinga tawhā, whakatairite ki ngā kōnae e mahi ana, ā, whakapā atu ki ngā kaihanga mēnā e tika ana.

Whakamahia te aratau hōtaka iti-mana, whakaitihia te taraiwa titi, ka whakawetohia te mana i muri tonu i te hōtaka.

Wehewehea ngā kōnae hei tuhi puranga, whakamahia te hōtaka rere, arotau/kōpeke i ngā kōnae, whakamahia rānei te hōtaka wāhanga.

Me whakatikatika ina piki ake te tere o te rahunga o te hōtaka, ina rerekē haere te wā, ina piki ake rānei ngā hapa mahi.

Nui rawa te ngaohiko, te poto o te ara iahiko/te whakapā ngoikore, te IC pakaru, te tukunga hiko pateko rānei.

Tautuhia ngā awhe wāhitau mō ia rau raraunga, ūkui/hōtaka/manatokohia ia rohe motuhake, whakamahia rānei ngā mahi hōtaka maha-rohe.

Tērā pea ka wetewetehia ngā papatono IC kāore i whakamunatia; ka whakamahia e ngā IC whakamunatia ngā kī/whakapōhēhētanga hei ārai i tēnei, ahakoa kāore i te tino āraihia.

Whakauruhia ngā kaihōtaka ki roto i ngā pūnaha ATE, whakahaere i te hōtaka mā roto i ngā hōtuhi, ā, whakamātautau aunoa i te mahi/mahi.

Whakaūtia te whakaurunga tauira tika, tirohia te rārangi tautoko a te kaihōtaka, me te whakapā atu ki ngā kaihanga mō ngā whakahōutanga