PCB dabacsan

1. Waa maxay ballaca/fogaanta xariiqda ugu yar ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

Caadiga ah: 30μm/30μm; habka horumarsan: 12μm/12μm (Heerka IPC-2223)
2. Immisa jeer ayay looxyada dabacsani u adkeysan karaan laablaabashada?

Substrate-ka Polyester-ka: ~100,000 jeer; substrate-ka Polyimide: ≥1,000,000 jeer
3. Waa maxay heerkulka hawlgalka ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

Substrate-ka Polyimide: -196℃ ilaa +260℃; substrate-ka polyester: -55℃ ilaa +150℃
4. Sidee loo xisaabiyaa gacanka laabashada ee looxyada dabacsan?

Guud ahaan: Dhumucda R≥3× looxa; codsiyada gaarka ah: R=1.5× dhumucda looxa
5. Waa maxay heerka nuugista biyaha ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

Polyimide: ±0.5%; polyester: ~1.5%
6. Waa maxay substrates-ka caadiga ah ee looxa dabacsan?

Polyimide (PI), polyester (PET), polymer dareere ah oo kiristaal ah (LCP)
7. Waa maxay joogtada dielectric ee looxyada dabacsan?

Polyimide: εr≈3.5; PET: εr≈3.2
8. Sidee looga hortagi karaa kala-goynta guddiga dabacsan?

Xakamee heerkulka dahaarka; dahaarka polyimide: 280-320℃
9. Waa maxay qeexitaannada looxa dabacsan ee dhumucda bir-bireed ee naxaasta ah?

Caadi ahaan: 18μm, 35μm, 70μm; ugu yaraan: 9μm
10. Waa maxay cufnaanta ugu badan ee dabacsan ee PCB-ga hadda jira uu u adkaysan karo?

18μm bir naxaas ah: ~20A/mm²
11. Sidee loo tijaabiyaa waxqabadka leexashada ee looxyada dabacsan?

Tijaabada foorarsiga wareegga sida waafaqsan heerka ASTM D2176
12. Waa maxay hababka daaweynta dusha sare ee looxyada dabacsan?

Dahabka nikkel-ka ee aan korontada lahayn (ENIG), qasacad quusitaan, OSP; ENIG: Ni 3-5μm, Au 0.05-0.1μm
13. Waa maxay heerkulka ku habboon ee alxanka SMT ee looxyada dabacsan?

Heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee dib-u-socodka: substrate-ka polyimide ≤260℃; Substrate-ka PET ≤230℃
14. Sidee loo naqshadeeyaa aagga xoojinta ee looxyada dabacsan?

Dhumucda xoojinta: 1.5-2 × dhumucda looxa dabacsan; geesaha wareegsan ayaa loo baahan yahay
15. Waa maxay dhumucda maaskarada alxanka ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

Caadiga ah: 15-30μm; shuruudo gaar ah: ilaa 50μm
16. Looxyada dabacsan ma lagu farsameyn karaa vias indho la'aan ah/la aasay?

Haa; ugu yaraan indho la'aan dhexroorka: 0.15mm, saamiga dhinaca ≤3:1
17. Sidee loo kala dooran karaa polyimide iyo polyester?

Polyimide loogu talagalay shuruudaha heerkulka sare iyo kuwa qalloocan; Polyester loogu talagalay codsiyada xasaasiga ah ee kharashka badan
18. Waa maxay xaaladaha kaydinta ee looxyada dabacsan?

Qoyaanka ＜60%, heerkulka 20-25℃, cimriga shelf 6-12 bilood
19. Sidee loo xalliyaa arrimaha dabacsan ee guddiga dagaalka?

Ku dar naqshadda lakabka dheelitirka; cadaadiska lamination: 3-5MPa
20. Waa maxay cabbirka ugu yar ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

Caadiga ah: 0.3mm; habka horumarsan: 0.1mm
21. Waa maxay heerka xoogga diirka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Heerka IPC: ≥1.5N/mm (18μm bir naxaas ah)
22. Looxyada dabacsan ma loo isticmaali karaa alxanka hirarka?

Laguma talinayo; alxanka dib-u-socodka ama alxanka hirarka ee la xushay ayaa la soo jeedinayaa
23. Sidee loo gaaraa gaashaanka EMI ee looxyada dabacsan?

Lakabka gaashaanka ee dahaadhka naxaasta/nickel; waxtarka gaashaanka> 60dB
24. Waa maxay xanjada luminta dielectric ee looxyada dabacsan?

Polyimide: tanδ≈0.003; PET: tanδ≈0.01
25. Waa maxay awoodda ugu badan ee cadaadiska farsamada ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

Xoogga jiidista: polyimide≥150MPa, PET≥100MPa
26. Sidee looga hortagi karaa jabka looxa dabacsan ee meelaha qalloocan?

Naqshadeynta kala-guurka qaansada; sawir-gacmeed bir ah oo naxaas ah oo leh 0.05mm
27. Waa maxay qiimeynta dab-damiska ee looxyada dabacsan?

Polyimide: UL94 V-0; PET: UL94 HB
28. Looxyada dabacsan ma la isku dari karaa laba dhinac?

Haa, iyadoo fiiro gaar ah loo leeyahay naqshadeynta xoojinta iyo taxanaha alxanka
29. Waa maxay dhererka ugu yar ee xarafka PCB-ga dabacsan?

Caadiga ah: 0.15mm; habka fiican: 0.1mm
30. Sidee loo cabbiraa iska caabinta looxyada dabacsan?

Falanqeeyaha Shabakadda; Saxnaanta xakamaynta iska caabinta astaamaha ± 5Ω
31. Waa maxay isku-darka ugu badan ee ballaarinta kulaylka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Polyimide: X/Y dhidibka ≈15ppm/℃, Z dhidibka ≈70ppm/℃
32. Waa maxay dulqaadka isku xidhka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Saxnaanta diiwaangelinta lakabka dhexe≤50μm
33. Sidee loo xalliyaa arrimaha dib u dhaca calaamadda ee looxyada dabacsan?

Xakamee dhererka raadadka; isticmaal naqshadda lammaanaha kala duwan
34. Waa maxay arrimaha saameeya nolosha dabacsan ee PCB-ga?

Nooca substrate-ka, dhumucda bireed naxaas ah, gacanka laabashada, heerkulka deegaanka
35. Waa maxay dhumucda dahaarka naxaasta ee aan lahayn elektroonigga ee looxyada dabacsan?

Dhumucda dahaadhka naxaasta ah ee godka dhex mara ≥25μm
36. Looxyada dabacsan ma samayn karaan foorarsiga 3D ee stereoscopic-ga ah?

Haa, laakiin qaab-dhismeed tallaabo-tallaabo ah ayaa loo baahan yahay; xagal kasta oo foorarsi ah ≤90°
37. Waa maxay heerka tijaabada buufinta milixda ee looxyada dabacsan?

ASTM B117; ma jiro daxal 24 saacadood ka dib
38. Waa maxay cabbirka ugu yar ee suufka PCB-ga dabacsan?

0.3mm (0.1mm) (0.5mm) (0.3 ...
39. Sidee loo hagaajin karaa waxqabadka kala-baxa kulaylka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Ku dar lakabka foil-ka naxaasta ah ee kulaylka gudbiya; kulaylka gudbiya ilaa 150W/mK
40. Waa maxay danab iska caabin ah ee looxyada dabacsan?

Dahaarka caadiga ah wuxuu u adkeysan karaa danab ≥500V; naqshad gaar ah ilaa 1500V
41. Waa maxay xadka ugu yar ee radius-ka duubista ee looxyada dabacsan?

Gacanka ugu yar ee laalaaban karo ee Polyimide: R=1mm (dhumucda 0.1mm)
42. Sidee looga hortagi karaa finanka inta lagu jiro alxanka looxa dabacsan?

Heerkulka hore u kululaynta 80-120℃; waqtiga alxanka ＜3s
43. Waa maxay shuruudaha qallafsanaanta dusha sare ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

Ra≤1.5μm (oogada ENIG)
44. Waa maxay heerka tijaabada alxanka ee looxyada dabacsan?

JIS Z3198; waqtiga qoynta ＜3s
45. Waa maxay xawaaraha tijaabada qallooca firfircoon ee looxyada dabacsan?

Caadiga ah: 5-10 wareeg daqiiqaddii
46. Sidee loo naqshadeeyaa aagga laablaaban ee looxyada dabacsan?

Naqshadeynta shabaq godan; hayso 20% taageerada substrate-ka
47. Waa maxay cufnaanta ugu badan ee isku-ururinta ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

Waxay gaari kartaa meelaynta qaybaha 0201; kala fogaanshaha ugu yar 0.3mm
48. Waa maxay hababka daaweynta qoyaanka u adkaysta ee looxyada dabacsan?

Baakadaha faakuumka + qalajiyaha; kaarka tilmaamaha qoyaanka ＜10%
49. Waa maxay xakamaynta waqtiga lamination-ka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Waqtiga dahaarka Polyimide: 30-60 daqiiqo
50. Waa maxay wareegga tijaabada daalka dabacsan ee looxyada dabacsan?

1,000,000 wareeg; kormeerka waxqabadka 100,000 wareeg kasta
51. Waa maxay xadka ugu yar ee naqshadeynta ballaca xariiqda ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

Xadka aragtiyeed: 10μm (tignoolajiyada sawir-qaadista tooska ah ee laysarka ayaa loo baahan yahay)
52. Waa maxay xaaladaha bogsashada ee khad maaskaro ah oo loox dabacsan leh?

150℃ muddo 60 daqiiqo ah ama 180℃ muddo 30 daqiiqo ah
53. Joogtada dielectric ee looxyada dabacsan ma isbeddeshaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo soo noqnoqoshada?

Polyimide: εr=3.5 at 1GHz, εr=3.2 at 10GHz
54. Sidee loo tijaabiyaa iska caabbinta dahaarka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Mitirka 500V; iska caabbinta ≥10¹²Ω
55. Waa maxay cadaadiska ugu badan ee looxyada dabacsan?

Cadaadiska lamination-ku waa 4-6MPa (polyimide substrate)
56. Waa maxay habka ugu yar ee loo farsameeyo dhexroorka godka ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

Qodista laysarka (ugu yaraan 0.1mm), qodista balaasmaha
57. Waa maxay habka tijaabada diirka birta naxaasta ah ee looxyada dabacsan?

Tijaabada diirka ee IPC-TM-650 2.4.8 heerka caadiga ah, 90°
58. Waa maxay iska caabbinta kulaylka qoyan ee looxyada dabacsan?

Ma jiro wax guuldarro ah ka dib 1000 saacadood jawiga 85℃/85% RH
59. Waa maxay iska caabbinta is-jiidjiidka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Iska caabbinta is-riixitaanka dusha sare ee ENIG ≥500 jeer (taayir CS-10, cadaadis 1000g ah)
60. Sidee loo naqshadeeyaa aagga isku xirka looxyada dabacsan?

Qaado naqshad isku-dhafan oo adag oo dabacsan, dhererka aagga isku xirka ≥5mm
61. Waa maxay heerka ugu yar ee tijaabada radius-ka laabashada ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

IPC-6013, ma jiro dildilaac ka dib 1000 wareeg oo foorarsi ah
62. Waa maxay tirada waqtiyada la hagaajin karo ee looxyada dabacsan?

Lagu taliyay ≤2 jeer, ugu badnaan aan ka badnayn 3 jeer
63. Waa maxay xaaladaha tijaabada cadaadiska kulaylka ee looxyada dabacsan?

-55℃ ilaa +125℃ wareeg 100 jeer, 30 daqiiqo joog mar kasta
64. Waa maxay adkaanta maaskarada alxanka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Adkaanta qalinka ≥3H
65. Waa maxay kala duwanaanshaha xagasha tijaabada dabacsan ee looxyada dabacsan?

0-180°, iyadoo diiradda la saarayo waxqabadka leexashada 90°
66. Sidee loo xalliyaa is-weydaarsiga calaamadaha ee looxyada dabacsan?

Ku dar lakabka gaashaanka, xakamee kala fogaanshaha raadadka ≥3 jeer ballaca xariiqda
67. Waa maxay ballaca giraanta ugu yar ee loogu talagalay PCB-yada dabacsan?

Caadiga ah 0.15mm, ugu yaraan 0.1mm
68. Waa maxay xuduudaha habka loogu talagalay dahaadhka nikkel-ka iyo dahabka aan korontada lahayn ee looxyada dabacsan?

Heerka dhigaalka nikkel 1-2μm/saacaddii, heerka dhigaalka dahabka 0.02-0.05μm/saacaddii
69. Waa maxay tirada ugu badan ee lakabyada looxyada dabacsan?

8 lakab oo caadi ah, ugu badnaan ilaa 20 lakab
70. Waa maxay iska caabbinta saamaynta ee looxyada dabacsan?

Waxay u adkeysan kartaa dardargelinta 50g, saameynta muddada 11ms
71. Waa maxay qaababka guuldarada daalka ee foorarsiga ee looxyada dabacsan?

Dildilaaca bir-dhalada naxaasta ah (70%), kala-goynta substrate-ka (20%), jabka barta isku xirka (10%)
72. Sidee loo ogaadaa xoogga diirka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Isticmaal mashiinka tijaabada jiidista xawaaraha 100mm/daqiiqo
73. Waa maxay ballaca xariiqda ugu yar ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

Caadiga ah 0.05mm, habka wanaagsan ilaa 0.03mm
74. Waa maxay xakamaynta qalooca heerkulka dahaarka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Heerka kulaylka 2-3℃/daqiiqo, heerka haynta heerkulka ±5℃ isbeddel
75. Waa maxay tijaabada dhejiska daaweynta dusha sare ee looxyada dabacsan?

Tijaabinta cajaladda 3M 600, dahaarka ma diirmo
76. Waa maxay shuruudaha deegaanka ee tijaabada dabacsanaanta ee looxyada dabacsan?

Heerkulka 23±2℃, qoyaan 50±5%
77. Sidee loo qaabeeyaa qaab-dhismeedka yareynta cadaadiska ee looxyada dabacsan?

Qaado naqshadaha yareynta walbahaarka sida raadadka serpentine iyo boosaska U-qaabaysan
78. Waa maxay ugu yaraan ballaca giraanta annular ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

Caadiga ah 0.15mm, ugu yaraan 0.1mm
79. Waa maxay iska caabbinta dareeraha ee maaskarada alxanka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Waxaa lagu masaxay acetone 10 jeer, diirkana ma jiro.
80. Waa maxay xagasha tijaabada qaloocinta firfircoon ee looxyada dabacsan?

Laabista wareega ee caadiga ah ±90°
81. Sidee loo xalliyaa dhibaatada isbeddelka kulaylka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Xulo substrate-yada leh isku-darka hoose ee ballaarinta kulaylka oo kordhi kanaallada kala-baxa kulaylka
82. Waa maxay qoyaanka ugu badan ee looxyada dabacsan?

Qoyaanka hawlgalka muddada dheer ≤90% RH
83. Waa maxay isku-darka heerkulka ee joogtada dielectric ee looxyada dabacsan?

Polyimide △εr/△T≈-0.001/℃
84. Waa maxay dulqaadka ugu yar ee ballaca xariiqda ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

±10% (habka caadiga ah), ±5% (habka saxda ah ee sare)
85. Waa maxay noocyada agabka ee looxyada dabacsan ee adag?

FR-4, adageyaal polyimide ah, dhumucdiisuna waa 0.1-0.5mm
86. Waa maxay qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee naqshadeynta wax soo saarka (DFM) ee looxyada dabacsan?

Ka fogow xaglaha fiiqan, xakamee isku-midnimada birta naxaasta ah, hagaaji meelaha qalloocan
87. Waa maxay iska caabbinta daxalka ee daaweynta dusha sare ee looxyada dabacsan?

Tijaabada buufinta milixda muddo 48 saacadood ah, ma jiro daxal
88. Waa maxay qaabka saadaasha nolosha dabacsan ee looxyada dabacsan?

Coffin-Manson isla'egta: Nf=A (Δε)^(-m)
89. Sidee loo ogaadaa qallafsanaanta derbiga godka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Waxaa lagu arkay iyadoo la iskaan gareynayo mikroskoobka elektarooniga ah (SEM), Ra≤10μm
90. Waa maxay inta jeer ee ugu badan ee laalaaban karo ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

Soo noqnoqoshada foorarsiga firfircoon ee lagu taliyay ≤2Hz
91. Waa maxay habka tijaabada dhejiska ee maaskarada alxanka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Habka iskutallaabta ah (ISO 2409), darajada 0 waa la aqoonsaday
92. Waa maxay heerka isku xidhka lakabka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Heerka IPC wuxuu u baahan yahay ≥1.2N/mm
93. Sidee loo xisaabiyaa dib u dhaca gudbinta calaamadaha ee looxyada dabacsan?

Dib u dhac = dhererka raadadka ×√εr×0.167 (ns/cm)
94. Sidee loo naqshadeeyaa lakabka naxaasta ah ee kala-baxa kulaylka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Dhumucda lakabka naxaasta ah ≥70μm, meel daaqad furan ≥30%
95. Waa maxay iska caabbinta gariirka ee looxyada dabacsan?

Waxay u adkeysan kartaa gariirka dardargelinta 10-2000Hz, 2g
96. Waa maxay cabbirka ugu yar ee imtixaanka ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

Caadiga ah 0.6mm, ugu yaraan 0.4mm
97. Waa maxay tijaabada iska caabbinta xoqidda ee daaweynta dusha sare ee looxyada dabacsan?

Tijaabada xoqidda Taber, giraangiraha CS-10, xaddiga xirashada ± 10mg ka dib 1000 wareeg
98. Waa maxay xulashada dhumucda bir-xidhka naxaasta ah ee aagga qalloocan ee looxyada dabacsan?

9μm ama 12μm bir ah oo naxaas ah ayaa lagula talinayaa aagga laalaabanayo
99. Waa maxay iska caabbinta shoogga heerkulka ee maaskarada alxanka ee looxyada dabacsan?

-40℃ ilaa +150℃ wareeg 50 jeer, ma jiro dildilaac
100. Waa maxay qodobbada ugu muhiimsan ee hubinta xeerarka naqshadeynta (DRC) ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

Ballaca xariiqda/kala fogaanshaha, iyada oo loo marayo cabbirka, gacanka laabashada, naqshadda adkaanta

PCB dabacsan

1. Waa maxay ballaca/fogaanta xariiqda ugu yar ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

2. Immisa jeer ayay looxyada dabacsani u adkeysan karaan laablaabashada?

3. Waa maxay heerkulka hawlgalka ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

4. Sidee loo xisaabiyaa gacanka laabashada ee looxyada dabacsan?

5. Waa maxay heerka nuugista biyaha ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

6. Waa maxay substrates-ka caadiga ah ee looxa dabacsan?

7. Waa maxay joogtada dielectric ee looxyada dabacsan?

8. Sidee looga hortagi karaa kala-goynta guddiga dabacsan?

9. Waa maxay qeexitaannada looxa dabacsan ee dhumucda bir-bireed ee naxaasta ah?

10. Waa maxay cufnaanta ugu badan ee dabacsan ee PCB-ga hadda jira uu u adkaysan karo?

11. Sidee loo tijaabiyaa waxqabadka leexashada ee looxyada dabacsan?

12. Waa maxay hababka daaweynta dusha sare ee looxyada dabacsan?

13. Waa maxay heerkulka ku habboon ee alxanka SMT ee looxyada dabacsan?

14. Sidee loo naqshadeeyaa aagga xoojinta ee looxyada dabacsan?

15. Waa maxay dhumucda maaskarada alxanka ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

16. Looxyada dabacsan ma lagu farsameyn karaa vias indho la'aan ah/la aasay?

17. Sidee loo kala dooran karaa polyimide iyo polyester?

18. Waa maxay xaaladaha kaydinta ee looxyada dabacsan?

19. Sidee loo xalliyaa arrimaha dabacsan ee guddiga dagaalka?

20. Waa maxay cabbirka ugu yar ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

21. Waa maxay heerka xoogga diirka ee looxyada dabacsan?

22. Looxyada dabacsan ma loo isticmaali karaa alxanka hirarka?

23. Sidee loo gaaraa gaashaanka EMI ee looxyada dabacsan?

24. Waa maxay xanjada luminta dielectric ee looxyada dabacsan?

25. Waa maxay awoodda ugu badan ee cadaadiska farsamada ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

26. Sidee looga hortagi karaa jabka looxa dabacsan ee meelaha qalloocan?

27. Waa maxay qiimeynta dab-damiska ee looxyada dabacsan?

28. Looxyada dabacsan ma la isku dari karaa laba dhinac?

29. Waa maxay dhererka ugu yar ee xarafka PCB-ga dabacsan?

30. Sidee loo cabbiraa iska caabinta looxyada dabacsan?

31. Waa maxay isku-darka ugu badan ee ballaarinta kulaylka ee looxyada dabacsan?

32. Waa maxay dulqaadka isku xidhka ee looxyada dabacsan?

33. Sidee loo xalliyaa arrimaha dib u dhaca calaamadda ee looxyada dabacsan?

34. Waa maxay arrimaha saameeya nolosha dabacsan ee PCB-ga?

35. Waa maxay dhumucda dahaarka naxaasta ee aan lahayn elektroonigga ee looxyada dabacsan?

36. Looxyada dabacsan ma samayn karaan foorarsiga 3D ee stereoscopic-ga ah?

37. Waa maxay heerka tijaabada buufinta milixda ee looxyada dabacsan?

38. Waa maxay cabbirka ugu yar ee suufka PCB-ga dabacsan?

39. Sidee loo hagaajin karaa waxqabadka kala-baxa kulaylka ee looxyada dabacsan?

40. Waa maxay danab iska caabin ah ee looxyada dabacsan?

41. Waa maxay xadka ugu yar ee radius-ka duubista ee looxyada dabacsan?

42. Sidee looga hortagi karaa finanka inta lagu jiro alxanka looxa dabacsan?

43. Waa maxay shuruudaha qallafsanaanta dusha sare ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

44. Waa maxay heerka tijaabada alxanka ee looxyada dabacsan?

45. Waa maxay xawaaraha tijaabada qallooca firfircoon ee looxyada dabacsan?

46. ​​Sidee loo naqshadeeyaa aagga laablaaban ee looxyada dabacsan?

47. Waa maxay cufnaanta ugu badan ee isku-ururinta ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

48. Waa maxay hababka daaweynta qoyaanka u adkaysta ee looxyada dabacsan?

49. Waa maxay xakamaynta waqtiga lamination-ka ee looxyada dabacsan?

50. Waa maxay wareegga tijaabada daalka dabacsan ee looxyada dabacsan?

51. Waa maxay xadka ugu yar ee naqshadeynta ballaca xariiqda ee PCB-ga dabacsan?

52. Waa maxay xaaladaha bogsashada ee khad maaskaro ah oo loox dabacsan leh?

53. Joogtada dielectric ee looxyada dabacsan ma isbeddeshaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo soo noqnoqoshada?

54. Sidee loo tijaabiyaa iska caabbinta dahaarka ee looxyada dabacsan?

55. Waa maxay cadaadiska ugu badan ee looxyada dabacsan?

56. Waa maxay habka ugu yar ee loo farsameeyo dhexroorka godka ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

57. Waa maxay habka tijaabada diirka birta naxaasta ah ee looxyada dabacsan?

58. Waa maxay iska caabbinta kulaylka qoyan ee looxyada dabacsan?

59. Waa maxay iska caabbinta is-jiidjiidka ee looxyada dabacsan?

60. Sidee loo naqshadeeyaa aagga isku xirka looxyada dabacsan?

61. Waa maxay heerka ugu yar ee tijaabada radius-ka laabashada ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

62. Waa maxay tirada waqtiyada la hagaajin karo ee looxyada dabacsan?

63. Waa maxay xaaladaha tijaabada cadaadiska kulaylka ee looxyada dabacsan?

64. Waa maxay adkaanta maaskarada alxanka ee looxyada dabacsan?

65. Waa maxay kala duwanaanshaha xagasha tijaabada dabacsan ee looxyada dabacsan?

66. Sidee loo xalliyaa is-weydaarsiga calaamadaha ee looxyada dabacsan?

67. Waa maxay ballaca giraanta ugu yar ee loogu talagalay PCB-yada dabacsan?

68. Waa maxay xuduudaha habka loogu talagalay dahaadhka nikkel-ka iyo dahabka aan korontada lahayn ee looxyada dabacsan?

69. Waa maxay tirada ugu badan ee lakabyada looxyada dabacsan?

70. Waa maxay iska caabbinta saamaynta ee looxyada dabacsan?

71. Waa maxay qaababka guuldarada daalka ee foorarsiga ee looxyada dabacsan?

72. Sidee loo ogaadaa xoogga diirka ee looxyada dabacsan?

73. Waa maxay ballaca xariiqda ugu yar ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

74. Waa maxay xakamaynta qalooca heerkulka dahaarka ee looxyada dabacsan?

75. Waa maxay tijaabada dhejiska daaweynta dusha sare ee looxyada dabacsan?

76. Waa maxay shuruudaha deegaanka ee tijaabada dabacsanaanta ee looxyada dabacsan?

77. Sidee loo qaabeeyaa qaab-dhismeedka yareynta cadaadiska ee looxyada dabacsan?

78. Waa maxay ugu yaraan ballaca giraanta annular ee PCB-yada dabacsan?

79. Waa maxay iska caabbinta dareeraha ee maaskarada alxanka ee looxyada dabacsan?

46. Sidee loo naqshadeeyaa aagga laablaaban ee looxyada dabacsan?