An Bayyana PCIe 5.0 vs PCIe 6.0: Kalubalen da ke tattare da kera PCB na Cibiyar Bayanai ta AI

Teburin Abubuwan da ke Ciki

• Gabatarwa: Bukatun Cibiyar Bayanai ta PCIe da AI
• Menene PCIe 5.0
• Menene PCIe 6.0
• Dalilin da yasa Cibiyoyin Bayanai na AI ke Bukatar PCIe 5.0 da 6.0
• Kalubalen Ingancin Sigina: PCIe 5.0 vs 6.0
  • Asarar Shigarwa
  • Crosstalk da Control Impedance
  • Kalubalen Bambance-bambancen Hanya da Tsarin Zane
• Babban Sauri PCB Material da Tsarin Zaɓi
  • FR4 vs Kayan Aiki Masu Yawan Sauri/Masu Sauri
  • Babban kauri na PCB da kuma zaɓin jan ƙarfe
• Yadda Ake Aiwatar da Siginar PCIe 6.0 PAM4 a cikin PCBs
• Hanyoyin Gwaji da Tabbatarwa
• Nazarin Shari'o'in Masana'antu da Nunin Ƙarfi
• Kammalawa da Shawarwari
• Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQ)

Bukatun Cibiyar Bayanai ta PCIe Juyin Halitta da AI

PCI Express (PCIe) yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ƙa'idodin haɗin kai mai sauri a cikin sabar da gungu na GPU.

Menene PCIe 5.0

PCIe 5.0, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2019, ya kara yawan bayanai zuwa GT/s 32, yana samar da kimanin GB/s 4 a kowace layi da kuma har zuwa GB/s 64 a kowace ramin x16. Har yanzu yana amfani da siginar NRZ (Ba-Dawowa-zuwa-Zero) ba, yana kiyaye daidaiton baya.

Menene PCIe 6.0

PCIe 6.0, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2022, ya ninka saurin zuwa 64 GT/s, yana ba da babban 128 GB/s ga layukan x16. Babban sabon abu shine sauyawa zuwa PAM4 (Pulse-Amplitude Modulation tare da matakai 4) da haɗa FEC (Forward Error Correction) don rage kurakuran bit. Wannan sauyi yana ƙara sarkakiyar ƙirar PCB sosai, musamman don amincin sigina.

Dalilin da yasa Cibiyoyin Bayanai na AI ke Bukatar PCIe 5.0 da 6.0

Horar da AI da kuma fahimta suna buƙatar haɗin kai mai sauri tsakanin GPUs da CPUs. PCIe 5.0 da PCIe 6.0 suna isar da bandwidth ɗin da cibiyoyin bayanai na AI suka dogara da shi. Yayin da yawan GPU ke ƙaruwa, ƙalubalantar ingancin siginar PCB yana ƙaruwa, wanda hakan ke sa masana'antu masu tasowa su zama dole.

Kalubalen Ingancin Sigina: PCIe 5.0 vs 6.0

Asarar Shigarwa

Ga PCIe 5.0, haƙurin asarar sakawa yana kusa da 28-30 dB, amma PCIe 6.0 yana buƙatar iyakoki masu tsauri, sau da yawa ƙasa da 20 dB. Asarar dielectric (Df) na kayan PCB da tsawon alamar suna shafar kai tsaye ko sigina sun kasance masu karko.

Crosstalk da Control Impedance

Tare da siginar PAM4, ana raba girman da rabi, wanda hakan ke sa magana ta hanyar magana da tunani ta zama matsala. Dole ne masana'antar PCB ta ci gaba da riƙe bambance-bambancen impedance a cikin 85 ± 5 Ω, wanda ke buƙatar ƙa'idodin tazara mai tsauri da dabarun kariya.

Kalubalen Bambance-bambancen Hanya da Tsarin Zane

Dole ne a rage tsawon bin diddigin a cikin PCIe 6.0. Duk wani bin diddigin da ya wuce inci 10 yana buƙatar kayan da ba su da asara sosai ko kuma ƙarin masu gyara don kiyaye amincin sigina.

Babban Sauri PCB Material da Tsarin Zaɓi

FR4 vs Kayan Aiki Masu Yawan Sauri/Masu Sauri

FR4 na al'ada yana fama da PCIe 6.0. Kayayyaki na zamani kamar Megtron 6, Tachyon 100G, da Isola I-Tera MT40 suna ba da ƙarancin Dk/Df, wanda hakan ya sa suka dace da siginar PAM4.

Babban kauri na PCB da kuma zaɓin jan ƙarfe

Kauri mai yawa na jan ƙarfe yana ƙara asarar shigarwa. Kauri mai sauri na PCB yawanci shine oza 1 ko sirara, tare da foil ɗin jan ƙarfe mai santsi da ake amfani da shi don rage tsatsa a saman da inganta aikin sigina.

Yadda Ake Aiwatar da Siginar PCIe 6.0 PAM4 a cikin PCBs

Aiwatar da PAM4 yana buƙatar cikakken haɓakawa a cikin kayan aiki, hanyoyin sadarwa, da masu haɗawa. Kwaikwayon Ido-zane yana tabbatar da aiki, yayin da kulawa ta hanyar sarrafawa yana rage raguwar aiki.

Hanyoyin Gwaji da Tabbatarwa

• Gwajin bin ƙa'idodi yana tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodin tashar PCIe 6.0
• Binciken Zane-zanen Ido yana duba buɗewar ido na sigina
• Daidaita TX/RX tare da FEC yana rage ƙimar kuskuren bit
• Gwajin CEM yana tabbatar da haɗin kai tsakanin tsarin

Nazarin Shari'o'in Masana'antu da Nunin Ƙarfi

Kwarewarmu a fannin kera PCB ta cibiyar bayanai ta AI ta haɗa da:

• Samar da taro tare da laminates masu ƙarancin asara
• Ikon sarrafa hanyoyin sadarwa masu sauri da kuma ikon sarrafa impedance
• Nazarin shari'o'i ya nuna raguwar kashi 40% a cikin BER da kuma ci gaban jinkirin 12% a cikin haɗin GPU

Shawarwari

PCIe 5.0 da PCIe 6.0 suna sake fasalta kera PCB don cibiyoyin bayanai na AI. Injiniyoyin ƙira ya kamata su ba da fifiko ga kayan aiki masu sauri, ingantaccen hanyar sadarwa, da kuma kwaikwayon kwaikwaiyo masu ƙarfi. Dole ne shugabannin sayayya su haɗu da masana'antun PCB waɗanda suka ƙware a ƙira mai sauri da sauri.

Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQ)

T1: Menene manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin PCIe 5.0 da PCIe 6.0?

A1: Saurin gudu yana ƙaruwa daga 32 GT/s zuwa 64 GT/s, tare da amfani da PAM4 da FEC.

Q2: Me yasa cibiyoyin bayanai na AI ke da buƙatu mafi girma don kera PCB?

A2: Girman rukunin GPU yana da girma, hanyoyin haɗin kai suna da tsayi, kuma ƙalubalen daidaiton sigina suna da mahimmanci.

Q3: Menene zaɓuɓɓukan gama gari don kayan PCB masu sauri?

A3: Megtron 6, Tachyon 100G, I-Tera MT40.

T4: Yadda za a rage asarar sigina a cikin PCIe 6.0?

A4: Zaɓi kayan da ba su da asara, sarrafa tsawon bin diddigi, yi amfani da masu gyara lokaci.

Q5: Shin kauri mai sauri na PCB yana shafar sigina?

A5: Eh, kauri da yawa na jan ƙarfe yana ƙara asara. Yi amfani da jan ƙarfe mai santsi tare da kauri mai dacewa.

T6: Yadda ake tabbatar da aikin tashar PCIe a cikin uwayen cibiyar bayanai ta AI?

A6: Ta hanyar gwajin bin ƙa'ida, nazarin zane-zanen ido, da kuma daidaita FEC.