Kusanthula Kwathunthu kwa Ukadaulo wa Printed Circuit Board (PCB): Mitundu, Zipangizo, Mapulogalamu, ndi Zochitika Zamtsogolo

Monga gawo lofunika kwambiri la zipangizo zamagetsi, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) imagwira ntchito ngati malo olumikizirana mitsempha yamagetsi, ikugwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri zopereka chithandizo chamakina ndi kulumikizana kwamagetsi kwa zida zamagetsi. Ndi chitukuko chachangu chaukadaulo wamagetsi, kuyambira kusunthika kopepuka komanso kopepuka kwa mafoni am'manja mpaka makompyuta ogwira ntchito bwino m'malo osungira deta, kuyambira kutumiza mwachangu kwambiri mu kulumikizana kwa 5G mpaka kulamulira kovuta pakuyendetsa magalimoto odziyimira pawokha, zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito zimayika zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pakugwira ntchito, kapangidwe, ndi njira ya ma PCB. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma PCB. Kumvetsetsa bwino makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a ma PCB ndikofunikira kwa mainjiniya amagetsi, ofufuza ndi opanga mapulogalamu, komanso akatswiri m'mafakitale ena, kuti akonze bwino mapangidwe amagetsi ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito azinthu.

Kusanthula kwaukadaulo kwa ma PCB Ogawidwa ndi Zida Zapansi

(一) Ma PCB Olimba

Ma PCB olimba, okhala ndi kukhazikika kwawo kwa makina komanso mphamvu zawo, akhala chisankho chofunikira kwambiri pazida zambiri zamagetsi. Zipangizo za ulusi wagalasi, monga E-glass ndi S-glass, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma PCB olimba chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zabwino zotetezera kutentha komanso mphamvu zawo zamagetsi. Pakati pawo, ulusi wa E-glass umapereka ndalama zambiri ndipo umapezeka kwambiri m'zinthu zamagetsi; Ulusi wa S-glass, kumbali ina, uli ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso modulus, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale woyenera minda yokhala ndi zofunikira zolimba pamakina.

Ma PCB olimba opangidwa ndi zinthu za polyimide (PI) ali ndi makhalidwe monga kukana kutentha kwambiri (kotha kugwira ntchito mosalekeza pamwamba pa 200°C), kutchinjiriza kwambiri (kokhala ndi dielectric constant yotsika pafupifupi 3), komanso kukhazikika kwabwino kwa mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimafunidwa kwambiri monga ndege ndi zamagetsi zankhondo. FR-4, monga chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ma PCB olimba, imapangidwa ndi nsalu yagalasi yopangidwa ndi epoxy resin. Ili ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zabwino (yokhala ndi mphamvu yotsutsa mphamvu yoposa 10^14Ω·cm) komanso yoletsa moto (yomwe imakwaniritsa UL94V-0 flame retardant grade), ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zamagetsi monga makompyuta ndi zida zolumikizirana.

Monga ma laminates okhala ndi mkuwa, CEM-1 ndi CEM-3 ali ndi makhalidwe awoawo. CEM-1, yopangidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa mphasa yagalasi ndi maziko a pepala, ili ndi mtengo wotsika komanso mphamvu zina zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera pazinthu zamagetsi zomwe ogula amagwiritsa ntchito mtengo wotsika. CEM-3, yochokera ku maziko a ulusi wagalasi, imachita bwino kwambiri pakuchepetsa komanso kukonza makina, ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zamagetsi zazing'ono.

(二) 、Flexible PCBs (FPCs)

Ma PCB osinthasintha (FPCs), okhala ndi kupindika kwawo kwapadera komanso kuonda, ali ndi malo ofunikira pazida zamagetsi zomwe zili ndi malo ochepa. Polyimide (PI) ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za ma FPC. Ali ndi kusinthasintha kwabwino kwambiri (kokhoza kupirira ma cycle ambirimbiri opindika), kukana kutentha kwambiri (kokhala ndi kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali kopitilira 150°C), komanso mphamvu zamagetsi zabwino (zokhala ndi dielectric loss tangent yotsika kufika 0.002).

Zipangizo za filimu ya polyester monga polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ndi polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu ma FPC. Ali ndi ubwino wotsika mtengo komanso wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma ndi otsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi PI pankhani ya kukana kutentha kwambiri komanso mphamvu zamagetsi. Magawo ofunikira poyesa magwiridwe antchito a ma FPC, monga utali wopindika ndi kuchuluka kwa kuzungulira komwe kungapirire, zimakhudza mwachindunji kudalirika ndi moyo wautumiki wa ma FPC pakugwiritsa ntchito kothandiza.

(三) Ma PCB Olimba Osinthasintha

Ma PCB okhwima amaphatikiza mwanzeru ubwino wa ma PCB okhwima ndi ma PCB osinthika. M'malo olimba, zinthu zomwezo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma PCB okhwima, monga ma FR-4 kapena ma PI okhwima, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka chithandizo chofunikira chamakina ndi kukhazikika kwa bolodi la circuit, kuonetsetsa kuti zida zamagetsi ndi maulumikizidwe amagetsi akukhazikika bwino. M'malo osinthika, zinthu zosinthika, monga mafilimu osinthika a PI, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti bolodi la circuit lizitha kupindika.

Ukadaulo wofunikira wa ma PCB osinthasintha uli mu njira yolumikizirana pakati pa madera olimba ndi osinthasintha. Njira zolumikizirana zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kuwotcherera ndi kulumikiza kwa laser. Kudalirika kwa zigawo zolumikizirana ndi kapangidwe ka kuchepetsa kupsinjika ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti ma PCB osinthasintha amagwira ntchito bwino. Kapangidwe koyenera kangathe kuletsa mavuto monga kulephera kwa kulumikizana kapena kutumiza chizindikiro chosazolowereka panthawi yopinda.

Makhalidwe Aukadaulo a Ma PCB Ogawidwa ndi Chiwerengero cha Zigawo Zoyendetsera Magalimoto

(一) Ma PCB Okhala Mbali Imodzi

Monga mtundu wamba wa PCB, PCB yokhala ndi mbali imodzi imakhala ndi zojambula zamkuwa mbali imodzi yokha ndipo imagwira ntchito kudzera mu waya wa mbali imodzi. Kapangidwe kake ka circuit ndi kosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera zida zamagetsi zomwe sizigwira ntchito bwino, monga ma board osavuta owongolera zida zapakhomo ndi ma board ozungulira zoseweretsa. Njira yopangira ma PCB okhala ndi mbali imodzi ndi yosavuta, makamaka kuphatikiza masitepe monga kujambula zojambula zamkuwa, kusindikiza chigoba cha solder, ndi kusindikiza zilembo, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika. Komabe, chifukwa cha malo ochepa olumikizira mawaya, zovuta za circuit ndi kufalikira kwa ntchito za ma PCB okhala ndi mbali imodzi ndizochepa.

(二) Ma PCB Awiri

PCB yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri imakhala ndi zojambula zamkuwa mbali zonse ziwiri za bolodi la dera ndipo imalumikiza magetsi pakati pa mbali ziwiri kudzera mu ma vias (ma vias opangidwa ndi zitsulo). Njira yopangira ma vias nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo njira monga kuboola, kuyika ma copper opanda magetsi, ndi kuyika ma electroplating kuti zitsimikizire kuti khoma lamkati la ma vias likuyenda bwino. Kuvuta kwa dera komanso kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito ma PCB okhala ndi mbali ziwiri kwakula kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma PCB okhala ndi mbali imodzi, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'ma motherboard a makompyuta, ma module ena a zida zolumikizirana, ndi zina zotero.

Pakupanga ma PCB okhala ndi mbali ziwiri, kukonzekera mawaya ndi kapangidwe kake ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kapangidwe koyenera kangathandize kuchepetsa kusokoneza kwa ma signal ndikukweza umphumphu ndi kukhazikika kwa kutumiza ma signal.

(三) Ma PCB a Multilayer

Ma PCB okhala ndi zigawo zambiri amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo zoyendetsera magetsi (nthawi zambiri zigawo zinayi kapena kuposerapo), zomwe zimalekanitsidwa ndi zigawo zotetezera kutentha (monga mapepala a prepreg, mapepala a PP). Kuwonjezera pa mabowo wamba, njira zamakono zoyendetsera magetsi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu ma PCB okhala ndi zigawo zambiri. Njira yoyendetsera magetsi ndi dzenje loyendetsera magetsi lomwe limafalikira kuchokera pamwamba pa bolodi lamagetsi kupita ku gawo linalake lamkati ndipo silimalowa mu bolodi lonse lamagetsi; njira yoyendetsera magetsi ndi dzenje lolumikizira magetsi pakati pa zigawo zamkati ndipo silimaonekera pamwamba pa bolodi lamagetsi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa blind via ndi hidden via kumachepetsa bwino kuchuluka kwa ma vias pamwamba pa bolodi la circuit ndikukweza kuchuluka kwa mawaya ndi magwiridwe antchito a ma signal transmission. Ma PCB a multilayer amatha kupeza mawaya amphamvu komanso ma signal transmission amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zapamwamba, monga ma server motherboards, ma phone motherboards, ndi makadi ojambula apamwamba. Pakupanga ma multilayer PCBs, zinthu monga njira yopangira lamination, kulondola kwa kubowola, ndi khalidwe la electroplating zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika kwa circuit board.

zitatu,Mfundo Zaukadaulo za Ma PCB Ogawidwa ndi Njira Zapadera

(一) Ma PCB Othamanga Kwambiri

Ma PCB okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'zida zamagetsi zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi ma frequency apamwamba, monga kulumikizana popanda zingwe, radar, ndi zina. Pakutumiza ma signal okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba, mavuto monga kutayika kwa ma signal ndi kusokonekera kwa gawo ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ma PCB okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera kuti achepetse kutayika kwa ma signal ndikukweza ubwino wa ma signal.

Zipangizo za Rogers ndi chimodzi mwa zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ma PCB okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba. Zili ndi dielectric constant yotsika kwambiri (Dk ikhoza kukhala yotsika ngati 2.2) ndi tangent yotayika (Df yotsika ngati 0.0009), zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa kutayika kwa chizindikiro ndi kusokonekera panthawi yotumizira. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ndi zinthu zake zodzazidwa nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu ma PCB okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba, chifukwa ali ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zabwino komanso kukhazikika kwa mankhwala.

Pakupanga ndi kupanga ma PCB okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba, kuwonjezera pa kusankha zinthu, kapangidwe ka zinthu monga mawonekedwe a circuit, kufananiza impedance, ndi electromagnetic shielding nakonso n'kofunika kwambiri. Kapangidwe koyenera ka circuit kangachepetse kusokonezana pakati pa ma signals, kufananiza impedance molondola kungatsimikizire kutumiza bwino kwa ma signals, ndipo kutetezedwa bwino kwa ma electromagnetic kungalepheretse ma signals okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba kusokoneza ma circuit ozungulira.

(二) Ma PCB Ochokera ku Zitsulo

Ma PCB okhala ndi zitsulo, omwe ali ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yochotsa kutentha, akhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zamagetsi zamphamvu kwambiri. Zipangizo zodziwika bwino zachitsulo zimaphatikizapo zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu ndi zamkuwa. Chipangizo chopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu chili ndi mphamvu yabwino yochotsa kutentha komanso mtengo wotsika, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga magetsi a LED ndi ma module amagetsi. Chipangizo chopangidwa ndi mkuwa chili ndi mphamvu yotulutsa kutentha kwambiri (pafupifupi nthawi 1.6 kuposa aluminiyamu) ndipo ndi choyenera pazochitika zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri kuchotsera kutentha, monga ma circuits amphamvu kwambiri a motor drive.

Mfundo yokhudza kutenthetsa kutentha kwa ma PCB okhala ndi zitsulo ndiyo kuyendetsa mwachangu kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi zida zamagetsi kudzera mu substrate yachitsulo. Kuti kukhale bwino kutenthetsa kutentha, gawo lotetezera kutentha, monga silicone pad yoyendetsa kutentha kapena guluu woteteza kutentha, nthawi zambiri limawonjezeredwa pakati pa substrate yachitsulo ndi zida zamagetsi. Pakupanga ma PCB okhala ndi zitsulo, kuwongolera makulidwe a gawo lotetezera kutentha ndi mphamvu yolumikizana ndi substrate yachitsulo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino.

(三) Ma PCB a HDI (Ma PCB Olumikizana ndi Olemera Kwambiri)

Ma PCB a HDI (High-Density Interconnect PCBs), omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a mawaya amphamvu komanso miniaturization, amakwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri pazida zamakono zamagetsi kuti azitha kugwira ntchito bwino komanso moyenera. Ukadaulo wofunikira wa ma PCB a HDI uli mu kupanga ma micro-vias (Micro-Vias) ndi kupukuta mizere yopyapyala. M'mimba mwake mwa ma micro-vias nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwana 0.1mm ndipo amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba monga kuboola laser kapena kupukuta plasma.

Kudula mizere yopyapyala kumafuna zida zopyapyala zolondola kwambiri komanso kuwongolera njira kuti zigwirizane ndi mawaya opyapyala okhala ndi mzere wopingasa/mzere wosakwana 30μm/30μm. Ma PCB a HDI nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womangirira, womwe umalumikiza zinthu zambiri mwa kuyika zigawo zoteteza kutentha ndi zigawo zoyendetsera magetsi. Ma PCB a HDI amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zamagetsi zazing'ono monga mafoni a m'manja, mapiritsi, ndi zida zovalidwa, ndipo ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zopezera magwiridwe antchito apamwamba komanso kuchepera kwa zidazi.

Ma Substrate a IC (Mabodi Onyamula a IC)

Ma substrate a IC (ma board onyamula a IC) amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popangira ma chip, monga ma packaging a BGA (Ball Grid Array), ma packaging a QFN (Quad Flat No-Lead), ndi ma packaging a FC (Flip Chip), ndi zina zotero. Ma substrate a IC ayenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe a kulumikizana kwakukulu komanso kulondola kwambiri kuti akwaniritse kulumikizana kodalirika pakati pa chip ndi dera lakunja.
Ma substrate a IC nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka bolodi la multilayer, ndipo pali zofunikira kwambiri kuti mzere ukhale wolondola, kudzera mu kukula, ndi malo ake olondola panthawi yopanga. Nthawi yomweyo, ma substrate a IC amafunikanso kuganizira za kasamalidwe ka kutentha ndi magwiridwe antchito amagetsi kuti atsimikizire kukhazikika ndi kudalirika kwa chip panthawi yogwira ntchito. Ndi chitukuko chopitilira cha ukadaulo wa chip, zofunikira pakugwira ntchito ndi kulondola kwa ma substrate a IC zikuwonjezekanso nthawi zonse.

五、Makhalidwe Aukadaulo a Ma PCB Ogawidwa ndi Kapangidwe ka Ma Conductive Vias

(一) Mabodi Odutsa M'mabowo

Bolodi lodutsa ndi limodzi mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma PCB. Ma via ake oyendetsera magetsi amalowa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi pa bolodi la circuit, ndipo kulumikizana kwa magetsi pakati pa zigawo kumachitika kudzera mu njira ya electroplating. Kuchuluka kwa via ndi makulidwe a mkuwa a khoma lodutsa la bolodi lodutsa ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito ake amagetsi ndi mphamvu ya makina.
Kuchuluka kwa via diameter ndi kothandiza pakuyika zida zolumikizira, koma kumatenga malo ambiri olumikizira mawaya; makulidwe osakwanira a mkuwa a khoma la via kungayambitse kulumikizana kwamagetsi kosadalirika. Pakupanga bolodi lodutsa, kulondola kwa kubowola kwa ma vias ndi mtundu wa electroplating zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a bolodi la circuit. Kuphatikiza apo, bolodi lodutsa lingagwiritsenso ntchito njira yodzaza, monga kudzaza utomoni, kuti liwongolere kudalirika kwake komanso kukana chinyezi.

(二) Mabodi a Micro-Via

Ma board a micro-via amagwiritsa ntchito ma conductive vias okhala ndi mainchesi ang'onoang'ono (nthawi zambiri osakwana 0.15mm), monga ma micro-vias osawoneka bwino ndi ma micro-vias obisika. Kupanga ma micro-vias nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa laser drilling kapena plasma etching, ndipo ukadaulo uwu ukhoza kupanga ma micro-vias molondola kwambiri kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za mawaya apamwamba.
Ma micro-via a ma board a micro-via ali ndi ma diameter ang'onoang'ono komanso ambiri, zomwe zimatha kulumikizana ndi magetsi ambiri mkati mwa malo ochepa ndikukweza mulingo wolumikizira ndi magwiridwe antchito a board ya circuit. Pakupanga ndi kupanga ma micro-via board, njira zodzaza ndi kukonza pamwamba pa ma micro-via ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti ma micro-via akuyenda bwino komanso kudalirika kwa magetsi.

(III) Mabodi Opanda Maso

Ma vis oyendetsera magetsi a blind through boards amangoyambira pamwamba pa circuit board kupita ku gawo linalake lamkati ndipo salowa mu circuit board yonse. Kukhalapo kwa ma blind vis kungachepetse chiwerengero cha ma vis pamwamba pa circuit board, kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mawaya, komanso kuchepetsa kusokoneza kwa zizindikiro panthawi yotumiza.
Njira zopangira ma blind vias zimaphatikizapo kuboola pogwiritsa ntchito laser, electroplating pambuyo poboola pogwiritsa ntchito makina, ndi zina zotero. Njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira izi zimakhudza kwambiri ubwino ndi mtengo wa ma blind vias. Pakupanga ma blind via boards, malo ndi kuchuluka kwa ma blind vias ziyenera kukonzedwa bwino kuti zithandize kwambiri ndikukweza magwiridwe antchito a circuit board.

(四) Mabodi Olumikizirana Kwambiri (HDI)

Ma board a High-Density Interconnect (HDI) amadziwika ndi kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwambiri, ma diameter ang'onoang'ono kudzera m'magawo, ndi mizere yaying'ono, ndipo ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zopezera miniaturization ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba a zida zamagetsi. Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito ma via ang'onoang'ono oyendetsera magetsi, ma board a HDI amathandizanso kupeza mawaya abwino okhala ndi mzere wopingasa/mzere wochepera 30μm/30μm kudzera muukadaulo wokongoletsa mizere yaying'ono.
Ma board a HDI nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana kwakukulu mwa kuyika zigawo zotetezera kutentha ndi zigawo zoyendetsera mpweya wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza. Pakupanga ma board a HDI, zofunikira pa zipangizo, zida, ndi njira zimakhala zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo mtundu wa ulalo uliwonse uyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamala kuti zitsimikizire kuti bolodi la circuit likugwira ntchito bwino komanso kudalirika.

Mapeto

Monga maziko ofunikira a ukadaulo wamagetsi, kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ndi zovuta zaukadaulo wa ma circuit board osindikizidwa zimapereka chithandizo cholimba pakupanga ndi kupanga zida zamagetsi. Kuyambira kusankha zipangizo za substrate mpaka kupanga zigawo zoyendetsera magetsi, kuyambira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera mpaka kuganizira njira zochizira pamwamba, kenako mpaka zofunikira zaukadaulo za magawo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito ndi mawonekedwe a kapangidwe ka ma conductive vias, ulalo uliwonse uli ndi tanthauzo laukadaulo lolemera.

Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa ukadaulo wamagetsi, monga chitukuko chachangu cha ukadaulo watsopano monga luntha lochita kupanga, intaneti ya Zinthu, ndi deta yayikulu, zofunikira zapamwamba zidzaperekedwa kuti ma PCB agwire ntchito bwino komanso azigwira ntchito bwino. M'tsogolomu, ukadaulo wa PCB udzakula kuti ukhale ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, mtengo wotsika, komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe, zomwe zimalimbikitsa nthawi zonse kupanga zida zamagetsi kukhala zazing'ono, zanzeru, komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. Mainjiniya amagetsi ndi akatswiri m'mafakitale okhudzana nawo ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa momwe ukadaulo wa PCB ukukulirakulira, kupitiliza kupanga zatsopano ndikukonza mapangidwe kuti akwaniritse zosowa za msika zomwe zikukula komanso zovuta zaukadaulo.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri：

Q1. Kodi zinthu zodziwika bwino za ma PCB olimba ndi ziti?

Zipangizo zodziwika bwino za ma PCB olimba zimaphatikizapo ulusi wagalasi (monga E-glass, S-glass, etc.), polyimide (PI), FR-4 (laminate yophimba mkuwa yomwe imateteza moto yopangidwa ndi epoxy resin ndi nsalu ya ulusi wagalasi), CEM-1 (laminate yophimba mkuwa yokhala ndi mphasa yagalasi ndi maziko a pepala), ndi CEM-3 (laminate yophimba mkuwa yokhala ndi maziko agalasi).

Q2. N’chifukwa chiyani ma PCB osinthasintha ndi oyenera zipangizo zovalidwa?

Ma PCB osinthasintha ndi oyenera zida zovalidwa chifukwa zida zawo zazikulu monga polyimide (PI), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), ndi zina zotero zimawapatsa kusinthasintha kwabwino, zomwe zimawathandiza kupindika, kupindika, ndi kupindika mkati mwa mtundu winawake, zomwe zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe ovuta a zida zovalidwa zomwe zimagwirizana ndi thupi la munthu. Nthawi yomweyo, alinso ndi mawonekedwe ofooka komanso opepuka, ndipo sadzakakamiza wovalayo kuti agwire ntchito molimbika, kukwaniritsa zofunikira za zida zovalidwa kuti apeze malo abwino komanso chitonthozo.

Q3. Kodi ntchito za malo olimba ndi malo osinthasintha mu PCB yolimba ndi yosinthasintha ndi ziti?

Mu malo olimba a PCB yolimba, zinthu zolimba monga FR-4 kapena PI zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popereka chithandizo chamakina ndi kukhazikika, kuonetsetsa kuti bolodi la circuit limakhala ndi mphamvu panthawi yokhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Malo osinthasintha, kumbali ina, amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosinthasintha monga mafilimu osinthasintha a PI kuti akwaniritse ntchito yopindika, kuti azitha kusintha mawonekedwe a chipangizocho m'njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwamakina ndi magetsi.

Q4. Kodi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ma PCB okhala ndi mbali imodzi ndi ma PCB okhala ndi mbali ziwiri ndi kotani?

PCB yokhala ndi mbali imodzi imakhala ndi pepala la mkuwa mbali imodzi yokha ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza mawaya mbali imodzi. Kuvuta kwake kwa mawaya ndi kochepa, ndipo ndi koyenera zipangizo zamagetsi zosavuta. Njira yopangira ndi yosavuta ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika, koma ntchito zake ndi malo ake olumikizirana ndi ochepa. PCB yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri imakhala ndi pepala la mkuwa mbali zonse ziwiri, ndipo kulumikizana kwamagetsi pakati pa mbali ziwiri kumachitika kudzera mu ma vias (nthawi zambiri ma vias okhala ndi zitsulo). Kuvuta kwa mawaya ndi kocheperako, ndipo kumatha kukwaniritsa ntchito zambiri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito, monga ma mamaboard apakompyuta, zida zolumikizirana, ndi zina zotero.

Q5. Kodi ntchito za ma vias osawona ndi ma vias obisika mu ma PCB ambiri ndi ziti?

Ma vias osawoneka bwino mu ma PCB okhala ndi zigawo zambiri ndi mabowo oyendetsera magetsi omwe amatuluka pamwamba kupita ku gawo linalake lamkati ndipo samalowa mu bolodi lonse la circuit. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito polumikizira magetsi pakati pa zigawo zinazake, kuchepetsa kusokoneza kwa chizindikiro ndikukweza umphumphu wa chizindikiro. Ma vias obisika ndi kulumikizana pakati pa zigawo zamkati ndipo samawonekera pamwamba. Amatha kupeza kulumikizana pakati pa zigawo popanda kutenga malo pamwamba, zomwe zimathandiza kupeza mawaya apamwamba ndikukweza magwiridwe antchito ndi kuphatikiza kwa bolodi la circuit.

Q6. N’chifukwa chiyani ma PCB apamwamba amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera?

Ma PCB okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokonza ma signal okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba, monga ma microwave frequency band ndi ma millimeter-wave frequency band, ndipo ma signal amatha kutayika panthawi yotumiza. Zipangizo zapadera monga Rogers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ndi zinthu zodzazidwa ndi ceramic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa zipangizozi zili ndi mawonekedwe a low dielectric constant (Dk) ndi low loss tangent (Df), zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa bwino kutayika kwa ma signal, kuonetsetsa kuti ma signal ndi olondola, komanso kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kutumiza ma signal okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba.

Q7. Ndi zipangizo ziti zamagetsi zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe ma PCB okhala ndi zitsulo ndi oyenera?

Ma PCB okhala ndi zitsulo ndi oyenera zipangizo zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana zamphamvu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu ma module amphamvu, kutentha kwakukulu kumapangidwa panthawi yogwira ntchito, ndipo ma PCB okhala ndi zitsulo amatha kuyeretsa kutentha kuti atsimikizire kuti amagwira ntchito bwino. Pa zipangizo zowunikira za LED, amatha kuyeretsa kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi ma LED mwachangu, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yowunikira komanso nthawi ya nyali. Pa ma circuit oyendetsa mota, amatha kuthandiza kuyeretsa kutentha komwe kumapangidwa panthawi yogwira ntchito ya mota, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti dera likugwira ntchito bwino.

Q8. Kodi makhalidwe ofunikira aukadaulo a HDI PCB ndi ati?

Makhalidwe ofunikira aukadaulo a ma HDI PCB ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono (Micro-Via, nthawi zambiri tosakwana 0.1mm), tomwe timapangidwa kudzera muukadaulo wapamwamba monga kuboola laser ndi plasma etching; kukhala ndi mizere yopyapyala (Fine Line), yomwe imatha kupanga mawaya opyapyala okhala ndi mzere wopingasa/mzere wopingasa wosakwana 30μm/30μm; kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womanga kuti uwonjezere kuchuluka kwa zigawo ndikupanga kulumikizana kwakukulu; komanso kukhala ndi mgwirizano wabwino ndi njira yosonkhanitsira ukadaulo wa pamwamba (SMT), womwe ndi woyenera zosowa za zida zamagetsi zazing'ono.

Q9. Kodi mitundu ya zitini za pamwamba pa PCB zopopera ndi ziti?

Mitundu ya zigawo za pamwamba pa zitini za PCB zopopera ndi monga zitini zoyera (Pure Tin), tin-lead alloy (Tin-Lead Alloy), ndi tin-free lead-tin spray, monga Sn-Cu (tin-copper alloy), Sn-Ag-Cu (tin-silver-copper alloy), ndi zina zotero. Tin-free lead-tin spray ndi mtundu womwe pang'onopang'ono wakhala wotchuka kuti ukwaniritse zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe.

Q10. N’chifukwa chiyani ma PCB okhala ndi golide nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’zida zamagetsi zapamwamba kwambiri?

Ma PCB okhala ndi golide nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zamagetsi zapamwamba chifukwa golide wachitsulo womwe umaphimba pamwamba pake (wogawidwa kukhala golide wolimba ndi golide wofewa) ungapereke mphamvu yabwino yamagetsi, kuchepetsa kukana kulumikizana, ndikutsimikizira kudalirika kwa kulumikizana kwamagetsi. Nthawi yomweyo, golide ali ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri oletsa okosijeni, omwe amatha kukana bwino dzimbiri la chilengedwe ndi dzimbiri la mankhwala, kukulitsa moyo wautumiki wa bolodi lamagetsi, ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zolimba za zida zamagetsi zapamwamba monga ndege, zida zamankhwala, ndi malo olumikizirana kuti akhale odalirika komanso okhazikika.

Q11. Kodi muyenera kulabadira chiyani mukasunga ma PCB a OSP?

Ma PCB a OSP amathiridwa pamwamba ndi filimu yotetezera kutayika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Nthawi yawo yosungira ndi yochepa, ndipo chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa popewa chinyezi. Ayenera kusungidwa pamalo ouma komanso opanda chinyezi kuti apewe kulephera kwa filimu yotetezera kutayika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe chifukwa cha chinyezi, zomwe zingakhudze kutayika kwa bolodi la circuit. Nthawi yomweyo, chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwanso pakuyeretsa pamwamba kuti fumbi ndi zinyalala zisadetse pamwamba pa bolodi la circuit, zomwe zingakhudze kuwotcherera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino.

Q12. Kodi ma PCB amafunikira magwiridwe antchito otani?

Ma board a makompyuta monga ma motherboard, makadi ojambula zithunzi, ndi ma board a seva ali ndi zofunikira pa luso la PCB lokonza deta mwachangu komanso kutumiza deta. Ayenera kuthandizira ma protocol otumiza ma signal mwachangu monga PCI-E bus, USB interfaces, ndi SATA interfaces. Ayenera kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino amagetsi kuti atsimikizire kukhazikika kwa ma signal. Ma board ayenera kuphatikiza zigawo zosiyanasiyana zofunika, monga chipset, BIOS chip, ndi power supply circuit, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimafuna kuti PCB ikhale ndi kapangidwe koyenera komanso mulingo wophatikizana kwambiri. Ma board a seva amafunikanso kuthandizira ma CPU ambiri ndi kukumbukira kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti PCB ikhale ndi mphamvu zambiri zonyamula komanso kudalirika.

Q13. N’chifukwa chiyani mabolodi a magalimoto ayenera kukhala odalirika kwambiri?Mabolodi a magalimoto amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina amagetsi a magalimoto. Panthawi yoyendetsa, magalimoto amakumana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, monga kugwedezeka, kukhudzidwa, ndi kusintha kwa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kotsika (nthawi zambiri kumafunika kuti agwire ntchito bwino mkati mwa kutentha kwa -40°C mpaka 125°C). Ngati bolodi la magalimoto lili lodalirika mokwanira, lingayambitse kulephera kwa makina amagetsi a magalimoto, zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito abwinobwino a galimoto komanso chitetezo choyendetsa. Chifukwa chake, mabolodi a magalimoto ayenera kukhala odalirika kwambiri kuti atsimikizire kuti ntchitoyo ndi yokhazikika m'malo ovuta.

Q14. Kodi gawo la IC substrate (IC carrier board) limagwira ntchito yotani pakuyika ma chip?

Chipangizo cha IC (IC carrier board) chimagwira ntchito makamaka polumikiza chip ndi dera lakunja mu phukusi la chip. Mwachitsanzo, njira zopakira monga BGA (Ball Grid Array) packaging, QFN (Quad Flat No-Lead) packaging, ndi FC (Flip Chip) zonse ziyenera kukhala ndi maulumikizidwe odalirika kudzera mu gawo la IC. Chiyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe a kulumikizana kwakukulu komanso kulondola kwambiri kuti chikwaniritse zofunikira za ma signal transmissions ambiri pakati pa chip ndi dera lakunja. Nthawi yomweyo, kasamalidwe ka kutentha ndi magwiridwe antchito amagetsi ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti kutentha komwe kumapangidwa panthawi yogwira ntchito ya chip kumatha kuchotsedwa bwino ndipo chizindikirocho chikhoza kutumizidwa mokhazikika, kuonetsetsa kuti chip ikugwira ntchito bwino.

Q15. Kodi ma micro-via a ma micro-via board amapangidwa bwanji?

Ma micro-via a ma micro-via board nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi laser drilling kapena plasma etching technology. Laser drilling imagwiritsa ntchito laser beam yamphamvu kwambiri kuti ipangitse circuit board kukhala nthunzi nthawi yomweyo kuti ipange micro-vias. Plasma etching, kumbali ina, imagwiritsa ntchito plasma kuti igwirizane ndi zinthu za pamwamba pa circuit board kuti ichotse zinthu zosafunikira, motero imapanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono kudzera m'ma diameter, monga blind micro-vias ndi stolen micro-vias, ndi zina zotero, kuti ipange mawaya amphamvu kwambiri.