Isesengura ryimbitse ry'ikoranabuhanga rya Printed Circuit Board (PCB): Ubwoko, ibikoresho, porogaramu, n'ibizaza

Nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, Ikigo Gishinzwe Gutunganya Uduce (PCB) gikorera nk'ihuriro ry'imitsi y'ikoranabuhanga, gitanga inkunga y'amashanyarazi n'ihuza ry'amashanyarazi ku bice by'ikoranabuhanga. Bitewe n'iterambere ryihuse ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'ikoranabuhanga, kuva ku gutwara terefone ntoya kandi zoroshye kugeza ku mibare ikomeye mu bigo by'amakuru, kuva ku kohereza ubutumwa bwihuse mu itumanaho rya 5G kugeza ku kugenzura imodoka mu buryo bugoye, ibintu bitandukanye bikoreshwa bitanga ibisabwa bitandukanye ku mikorere, imiterere, n'imikorere ya PCB. Ibi byatumye habaho ubwoko butandukanye bwa PCB. Gusobanukirwa neza imiterere itandukanye ya PCB ni ingenzi ku bahanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga, abashakashatsi n'abakora mu nganda, ndetse n'abakora mu nganda zifitanye isano, kugira ngo barusheho kunoza imiterere y'ikoranabuhanga no kunoza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa.

Isesengura rya tekiniki rya PCBs ryashyizwe mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibikoresho bya substrate

(一) PCB zikomeye

PCB zikomeye, zifite ubushobozi bwo kugumana imbaraga n'imbaraga mu buryo butangaje, zabaye amahitamo y'ibanze ku bikoresho byinshi by'ikoranabuhanga. Ibikoresho bya fibre y'ikirahure, nka E-glass na S-glass, bikoreshwa cyane mu gukora PCB zikomeye bitewe n'imiterere yazo myiza yo gukingira no gukomera kwa mashini. Muri zo, fibre y'ikirahure itanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi ikunze kuboneka mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga muri rusange; fibre y'ikirahure, ku rundi ruhande, ifite imbaraga nyinshi na modulus, bigatuma ikwiriye imirima ifite ibisabwa bikomeye ku miterere ya mashini.

PCB zikomeye zikozwe mu bikoresho bya polyimide (PI) zifite imiterere nk'ubushyuhe bwinshi (zishobora gukora buri gihe hejuru ya 200°C), ubushyuhe bwinshi (zifite amashanyarazi make agera kuri 3), kandi zigakomera cyane mu binyabutabire. Zikunze gukoreshwa mu bihe bikenerwa cyane nko mu kirere no mu bikoresho bya gisirikare. FR-4, nk'ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho bikomeye bya PCB, ikozwe mu mwenda w'ibirahure wa epoxy resin. Ifite imiterere myiza y'amashanyarazi (ifite ubushyuhe burenga 10^14Ω·cm) kandi idashobora gushyuha (ihuye n'urwego rwa UL94V-0 rudakoresha umuriro), kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bya gisivili nka mudasobwa n'ibikoresho by'itumanaho.

Nk’ibyuma bikozwe mu muringa bivanze, CEM-1 na CEM-3 bifite imiterere yabyo. CEM-1, igizwe n’uruvange rw’amatapi y’ibirahure n’impapuro, ihendutse kandi ifite imiterere imwe n’imwe y’amashanyarazi, bigatuma ikoreshwa mu bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bihendutse. CEM-3, ishingiye ku gice cy’ikirahure cy’umunyu, irakora neza mu gutunganya no gukata, kandi ikunze gukoreshwa mu bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bito.

(二) 、Flexible PCBs (FPCs)

PCB zoroshye (FPCs), zifite ubushobozi bwo guhinda no kunanuka, zifite umwanya ukomeye mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bifite umwanya muto. Polyimide (PI) ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'ingenzi bya FPC. Ifite ubushobozi bwo koroha cyane (ishobora kwihanganira imikorere ya za miriyoni z'ubushyuhe), irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi (ifite ubushyuhe burenze 150°C mu gihe kirekire), kandi ifite imiterere myiza y'amashanyarazi (ifite uburebure bwa dielectric dangent buri hasi ya 0.002).

Ibikoresho bya filime ya polyester nka polyethylene terephthalate (PET) na polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) nabyo bikunze gukoreshwa muri FPC. Bifite ibyiza byo kugabanuka no gutunganywa neza, ariko biri hasi gato ugereranije na PI mu bijyanye no kudakoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imiterere y'amashanyarazi. Ibipimo by'ingenzi byo gupima imikorere ya FPC, nk'umurambararo w'impinduka n'umubare w'ingendo zishobora kumara, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku kwizerwa no ku buzima bwa FPC mu bikorwa bifatika.

(三) PCB zihamye

PCB zihamye zihuza neza ibyiza bya PCB zikomeye na PCB zoroshye. Mu bice bikomeye, ibikoresho bimwe bya substrate nk'ibikoreshwa muri PCB zikomeye, nka FR-4 cyangwa PI, bikunze gukoreshwa kugira ngo bitange ubufasha bukenewe mu byuma bipima kandi bihamye ku iyubakwa ry'urukuta, bigamije gushyiraho neza ibice by'ikoranabuhanga n'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Mu bice byoroshye, ibikoresho byoroshye bya substrate, nka PI flexible films, bikoreshwa kugira ngo urukuta rw'urukuta rube rwiza.

Ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi rya PCB zihamye riri mu nzira yo guhuza hagati y'ahantu hakomeye n'aho hagoye. Uburyo busanzwe bwo guhuza burimo gusudira hakoreshejwe laser no guhuza kole. Kwizerwa kw'ibice bihuza no gushushanya uburyo bwo kugabanya stress ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu gutuma PCB zihamye zikora neza. Igishushanyo mbonera gikwiye gishobora gukumira ibibazo nko kunanirwa k'itumanaho cyangwa kohereza ibimenyetso mu buryo budasanzwe mu gihe cyo guhindagura.

Ibiranga tekiniki bya PCB bishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe umubare w'ibice by'amashanyarazi

(一) PCB zifite uruhande rumwe

Nk'ubwoko bw'ibanze bwa PCB, PCB ifite uruhande rumwe ifite foil y'umuringa ku ruhande rumwe gusa kandi ikora imikorere ya circuit binyuze mu nsinga z'uruhande rumwe. Imiterere ya circuit yayo iroroshye cyane, bigatuma ikwiranye n'ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe by'ikoranabuhanga bifite ibisabwa bike, nko ku mbaho ​​zoroshye zo kugenzura ibikoresho byo mu rugo n'imbaho ​​z'ibikoresho by'amatoyi. Uburyo bwo gukora PCB zifite uruhande rumwe buragoye cyane, ahanini harimo intambwe nko gushushanya foil y'umuringa, gucapa maske, no gucapa inyuguti, kandi igiciro ni gito cyane. Ariko, bitewe n'umwanya muto w'insinga, imiterere y'uruziga n'ubushobozi bwo kwagura imikorere ya PCB zifite uruhande rumwe biragoye.

(二) PCB zifite impande ebyiri

PCB ifite impande ebyiri ifite foil y'umuringa ku mpande zombi z'urubaho rwa circuit kandi ihuza amashanyarazi hagati y'impande zombi binyuze muri vias (vias zakozwe mu byuma). Uburyo bwo gukora vias akenshi bukubiyemo intambwe nko gucukura, gupfunyika umuringa udafite amashanyarazi, no gupfunyika amashanyarazi kugira ngo urukuta rw'imbere rw'ibiziba rugende neza. Uburyo uruziga rugoye n'ubushobozi bwo gushyira mu bikorwa PCB zifite impande ebyiri byarushijeho kuba byiza ugereranije na PCB zifite impande imwe, kandi zishobora gukoreshwa muri motherboard za mudasobwa, module zimwe na zimwe z'ibikoresho by'itumanaho, nibindi.

Mu gushushanya PCB zifite impande ebyiri, guteganya insinga no gushyira mu bikorwa imiterere yazo ni ibintu by'ingenzi. Igishushanyo mbonera gikwiye gishobora kugabanya kubangamira ibimenyetso no kunoza ubuziranenge n'ubudahangarwa bw'ihererekanyamakuru ry'amakuru.

(三) PCB nyinshi

PCB zifite amashami menshi afite amashami menshi ayobora amashanyarazi (ubusanzwe amashami 4 cyangwa arenga), atandukanywa n'amashami akingira amashanyarazi (nk'impapuro za prepreg, impapuro za PP). Uretse imyobo isanzwe, ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ikoranabuhanga ritambitse kandi rigapfunyika cyane muri PCB zifite amashami menshi. Uburyo bwo gupfunyika ni umwobo uva ku buso bw'ikibaho cy'amashanyarazi ukagera ku buso bw'imbere kandi ntukinjire mu kibaho cyose cy'amashanyarazi; uburyo bwo gupfunyika ni umwobo uhuza hagati y'amashami y'amashanyarazi kandi ntugaragara ku buso bw'ikibaho cy'amashanyarazi.

Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya "blind via" n' "hived via" bigabanya neza umubare wa "vias" ku buso bwa "circuit board" kandi bikongera ubucucike bw'insinga n'imikorere yo kohereza ibimenyetso. "Multilayer PCB" zishobora gutuma "high-density" n' "signal transmission" zikora neza, kandi zikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho, nka "server motherboards", "smartphone motherboards", n'amakarita y'amashusho akora neza. Mu gukora "multilayer PCB", ibintu nk'uburyo bwo gucukura, gukoresha neza imashini, n'ubwiza bwa "electroplating" bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere n'ubwizerwe bwa "circuit board".

gatatu,Ingingo z'ingenzi za tekiniki za PCB zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe inzira zihariye

(一) PCB zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rinini

PCB zifite frequency yo hejuru zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikora ku bimenyetso bikoresha frequency yo hejuru, nko mu itumanaho ridafite umugozi, radar, n'ibindi. Mu gihe cyo kohereza ibimenyetso bikoresha frequency yo hejuru, ibibazo nko gutakaza ibimenyetso no guhindura intera biragaragara cyane. Kubwibyo, PCB zifite frequency yo hejuru zigomba gukoresha ibikoresho byihariye kugira ngo zigabanye gutakaza ibimenyetso no kunoza ubwiza bw'ibyohereza ibimenyetso.

Ibikoresho bya Rogers ni kimwe mu bikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu gukora PCB zifite frequency yo hejuru. Gifite electromagnetic constant iri hasi cyane (Dk ishobora kuba iri hasi cyane nka 2.2) na tangent yo gutakaza (Df iri hasi cyane nka 0.0009), bishobora kugabanya neza gutakaza no guhinduranya ibimenyetso mu gihe cyo kohereza. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) n'ibikoresho byayo byuzuye bikunze gukoreshwa muri PCB zifite frequency yo hejuru, kuko zifite imiterere myiza y'amashanyarazi afite frequency yo hejuru kandi zigatuma ibintu bihora bihindagurika.

Mu gushushanya no gukora PCB zifite frequency yo hejuru, uretse guhitamo ibikoresho, imiterere y'ibintu nk'imiterere y'uruziga, guhuza impedance, no kurinda amashanyarazi nabyo ni ingenzi. Imiterere y'uruziga ikwiye ishobora kugabanya impanuka hagati y'ibimenyetso, guhuza impedance neza bishobora gutuma ibimenyetso bikwirakwira neza, kandi kurinda amashanyarazi neza bishobora gukumira ibimenyetso bifite frequency yo hejuru kubangamira uruziga zikikije.

(二) PCB zishingiye ku byuma

PCB zikozwe mu byuma, zifite ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bwinshi, zabaye amahitamo meza ku bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoresha ingufu nyinshi. Ibikoresho bisanzwe by'icyuma birimo aluminiyumu n'umuringa. Urupapuro rukozwe muri aluminiyumu rufite ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bwiza kandi ruhendutse, kandi rukoreshwa cyane mu bintu nk'amatara ya LED n'amashanyarazi. Urupapuro rukozwe muri aluminiyumu rufite ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bwinshi (hafi inshuro 1.6 z'urupapuro rwa aluminiyumu) ​​kandi rukwiriye ibihe bisaba gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane, nko gukoresha moteri nyinshi.

Ihame ryo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe rya PCB zishingiye ku byuma ni ugutwara vuba ubushyuhe buva mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga binyuze mu byuma. Kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, urwego rukingira ubushyuhe rukoresha ubushyuhe, nka silicone pad ikoresha ubushyuhe cyangwa kole ikingira ubushyuhe, akenshi yongerwa hagati y'icyuma n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Mu gukora PCB zishingiye ku byuma, kugenzura ubunini bw'urwego rukingira ubushyuhe n'imbaraga zo gufatanya n'icyuma ni ibintu by'ingenzi bifasha kwemeza imikorere yabyo.

(三) HDI PCB (High-Density Interconnect PCBs)

HDI PCB (High-Density Interconnect PCBs), zifite imiterere ya "high-density insinga" na "miniaturization", zujuje ibisabwa bikomeye by'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho kugira ngo bigire umwanya n'imikorere myiza. Ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi rya HDI PCBs riri mu gukora micro-vias (Micro-Vias) no gushushanya imirongo mito. Ubunini bwa micro-vias busanzwe buri munsi ya 0.1mm kandi bukorwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho nko gucukura laser cyangwa gushushanya plasma.

Gukata imirongo mito bisaba ibikoresho byo gukata neza cyane no kugenzura uburyo bwo kuyitunganya kugira ngo hagerwe ku miyoboro mito ifite ubugari bw'umurongo/umurongo buri munsi ya 30μm/30μm. HDI PCBs ubusanzwe zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kwiyubaka, zigahuza imiterere y'ubucucike bwinshi binyuze mu gushyiramo ibice bikingira ubushyuhe n'ibice biyobora amashanyarazi urwego ku rundi. HDI PCBs zikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bito nka telefoni zigendanwa, tableti, n'ibikoresho byambarwa, kandi ni imwe mu ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi ryo kugera ku mikorere myiza no kugabanya imikorere y'ibi bikoresho.

Ibikoresho bya IC (Ibibaho bya IC)

Imiterere ya IC (IC carrier boards) ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gupakira chips, nko gupakira BGA (Ball Grid Array), gupakira QFN (Quad Flat No-Lead), no gupakira FC (Flip Chip), nibindi. Imiterere ya IC igomba kugira imiterere yo guhuza ibintu byinshi no gukora neza cyane kugira ngo igere ku mubano wizewe hagati ya chips n'uruziga rwo hanze.
Ubusanzwe ibikoresho bya IC bigira imiterere y’ikibaho gifite ibyiciro byinshi, kandi hari ibisabwa bikomeye kugira ngo umurongo urusheho kuba mwiza, binyuze mu bunini, n’uburyo bishyirwa mu bikorwa neza mu gihe cyo gukora. Muri icyo gihe, ibikoresho bya IC bigomba kandi gusuzuma uburyo ubushyuhe bukwirakwira n’imikorere y’amashanyarazi kugira ngo chip ikomeze kuba nziza kandi yizewe mu gihe cyo gukora. Bitewe n’iterambere rihoraho ry’ikoranabuhanga rya chip, ibisabwa kugira ngo chip ikore neza kandi irusheho kuba nziza bikomeza kwiyongera.

Ibiranga tekiniki bya PCB bishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere ya Vias ziyobora

(一) Ibibaho binyuzwa mu mwobo

Urubaho rwo mu mwobo ni rumwe mu bwoko busanzwe bwa PCB. Uduce twarwo dutwara amazi twinjira mu mwobo kuva hejuru kugera hasi ku rubaho rwo mu mwobo, kandi amashanyarazi ahuza urwego agerwaho binyuze mu nzira yo gushyiramo amashanyarazi. Ubugari bwa via n'ubugari bw'umuringa bw'urukuta rwo mu mwobo ni ibipimo by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'amashanyarazi n'imbaraga za mekanike.
Ubunini bwa via diameter ni ingirakamaro mu gushyiraho ibice bya plug-in, ariko bizatwara umwanya munini w'insinga; ubugari buke bw'umuringa ku rukuta rwa via bushobora gutuma habaho guhuza amashanyarazi ku buryo budasobanutse. Mu gihe cyo gukora ikibaho cyo gucukura, ubuziranenge bw'ibice byo gucukura n'ubwiza bwa electroplating bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'ikibaho cyo gucukura. Byongeye kandi, ikibaho cyo gucukura gishobora kandi gukoresha inzira yo kuzuza, nko kuzuza resin, kugira ngo cyongere ubwizerwe no kudahura n'ubushuhe.

(二) Imiyoboro ya Micro-Via

Imitako ya micro-via ikoresha imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ifite umurambararo muto (ubusanzwe munsi ya mm 0.15), nk'imiyoboro ya micro-via idakingiye n'imiyoboro ya micro-vias ipfundikiye. Ikorwa rya micro-vias rikunze gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura imiyoboro ya laser cyangwa ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya plasma, kandi iri koranabuhanga rishobora kugera ku gukora micro-vias neza cyane kugira ngo rihuze n'ibisabwa mu miyoboro ifite ubucucike bwinshi.
Udupira duto tw’udupira duto dufite umurambararo muto n’umubare munini, dushobora kugera ku mikoranire myinshi y’amashanyarazi mu mwanya muto kandi tukanoza urwego rwo guhuza n’imikorere y’udupira duto. Mu gihe cyo gushushanya no gukora udupira duto, inzira zo kuzuza no gutunganya ubuso bw’udupira duto zigomba kwitabwaho kugira ngo hamenyekane imikorere n’ubwizigirwa bw’udupira duto tw’amashanyarazi.

(III) Imbuga zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ritabona

Inzira ziyobora amashanyarazi zinyuze mu mbaho ​​zituruka gusa ku buso bw'imbaho ​​zijya ku gice cy'imbere kandi ntizinjira mu mbaho ​​yose. Kuba hariho inzira ziyobora amashanyarazi bishobora kugabanya umubare w'inzira ku buso bw'imbaho ​​ziyobora amashanyarazi, byongera ubucucike bw'insinga, ndetse bikanagabanya ingaruka z'ibimenyetso mu gihe cyo kohereza.
Uburyo bwo gukora ibyuma bidafite aho bibohera burimo gucukura hakoreshejwe lazeri, gucukura hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi nyuma yo gucukura hakoreshejwe imashini, nibindi. Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora bigira ingaruka zitandukanye ku bwiza n'igiciro cya ibyuma bidafite aho bibohera. Mu gushushanya ibyuma bidafite aho bibohera, aho biherereye n'ingano yabyo bigomba gutegurwa neza kugira ngo bigire akamaro kabyo kandi binoze imikorere y'ibibaho bikoresha amashanyarazi.

(四) Ibibaho byo guhuza ibyuma binini (HDI)

Ibibaho bya High-Density Interconnect (HDI) birangwa n'imikoranire ifite ubucucike bwinshi, uburebure buto, n'imirongo mito, kandi ni imwe mu ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi ryo kugera ku buryo ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bito bito bikoresha amashanyarazi bito cyane. Uretse gukoresha utubati duto dutwara imizigo, ibibaho bya HDI binagira insinga ntoya zifite ubugari bw'umurongo/umurongo bungana na 30μm/30μm binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya imirongo mito.
Ubusanzwe imbaho ​​za HDI zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kubaka, zigahuza ahantu hanini hifashishijwe urwego rw’ubushyuhe n’urwego rw’ubushyuhe. Mu gihe cyo gukora imbaho ​​za HDI, ibisabwa ku bikoresho, ibikoresho, n’imikorere biba biri hejuru cyane, kandi ubwiza bwa buri huza bugomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo harebwe imikorere n’ubuziranenge bw’imbaho ​​za circuit.

Umwanzuro

Nk'ishingiro ry'ingenzi ry'ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki, ubwoko butandukanye bw'ubwoko n'ubuhanga bw'ikoranabuhanga rya za circuit boards zacapwe bitanga inkunga ikomeye mu guhanga udushya no guteza imbere ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Kuva ku guhitamo ibikoresho bya substrate kugeza ku gishushanyo cy'ibice by'amashanyarazi, kuva ku gukoresha inzira zidasanzwe kugeza ku gusuzuma uburyo bwo gutunganya ubuso, hanyuma kugeza ku bisabwa mu bya tekiniki mu nzego zitandukanye zo gukoresha ndetse n'imiterere y'imiterere y'ibice by'amashanyarazi, buri sano rikubiyemo ibisobanuro byinshi bya tekiniki.

Bitewe n’iterambere rihoraho ry’ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki, nko iterambere ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho nk’ubwenge bw’ubukorano, interineti y’ibintu, na big data, hazabaho ibisabwa byinshi ku mikorere n’imikorere ya PCB. Mu gihe kizaza, ikoranabuhanga rya PCB rizatera imbere rigana ku cyerekezo cyo kuba ryinshi cyane, imikorere iri hejuru, ikiguzi gito, no kurengera ibidukikije, rigakomeza guteza imbere miniaturization, ubwenge, n’iterambere ry’imikorere myiza y’ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Injeniyeri n’abakora mu nganda zijyanye nabyo bagomba kwita cyane ku iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya PCB, bagakomeza guhanga udushya no kunoza imiterere kugira ngo bahuze n’ibikenewe ku isoko n’imbogamizi zikomeje kwiyongera mu ikoranabuhanga.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa:

Q1. Ni ibihe bikoresho bisanzwe bya substrate kuri PCB zikomeye?

Ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gukoresha PCB zikomeye birimo imigozi y'ikirahure (nk'ikirahure cya E, ikirahure cya S, nibindi), polyimide (PI), FR-4 (laminate ifunze umuringa igizwe n'umucanga igizwe na epoxy resin na fibre y'ikirahure), CEM-1 (laminate ifunze umuringa irimo ikirahure n'impapuro), na CEM-3 (laminate ifunze umuringa ifite ikirahure).

Q2. Kuki PCB zoroshye zikwiriye ibikoresho byambarwa?

PCB zoroshye zikwiriye ibikoresho byo kwambara kuko ibikoresho byazo by'ingenzi nka polyimide (PI), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nibindi biziha ubushobozi bwo koroshya ibintu, bigatuma zigorama, zigapfunyika, kandi zigahuzwa n'imiterere y'ibikoresho byo kwambara bihuye n'umubiri w'umuntu. Muri icyo gihe, zifite kandi imiterere yo kuba nto kandi zoroshye, kandi ntizishyiraho umutwaro mwinshi ku uzambara, zigahuza n'ibisabwa n'ibikoresho byo kwambara kugira ngo bigire umwanya mwiza kandi biruhuke.

Q3. Ni iyihe mirimo ijyanye n'agace gakomeye n'agace gakomeye muri PCB ikora neza?

Mu gace gakomeye ka PCB ikora neza, ibikoresho bikomeye nka FR-4 cyangwa PI bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutanga inkunga ya mekanike no guhagarara, bishimangira imbaraga z'imiterere y'akabati k'uruziga mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no gukoresha. Ku rundi ruhande, agace gakomeye gakoresha ibikoresho byoroshye nka PI flexible films kugira ngo gashobore kugera ku musaruro wo kugonda, kugira ngo gahuze n'impinduka z'imiterere y'igikoresho mu bihe bitandukanye byo gukoreshwa no kuzuza ibisabwa mu mikorere igoye ya mekanike n'amashanyarazi.

Q4. Ni irihe tandukaniro rikomeye riri hagati ya PCB zifite impande imwe n'izifite impande ebyiri?

PCB ifite uruhande rumwe ifite foil y'umuringa ku ruhande rumwe gusa kandi ikoreshwa mu nsinga z'uruhande rumwe. Uburemere bwayo bwa circuit ni buke, kandi ikwiriye ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byoroshye. Uburyo bwo kuyikora ni bworoshye kandi ikiguzi ni gito, ariko imikorere yayo n'umwanya wayo ni bike. PCB ifite uruhande rumwe ifite foil y'umuringa ku mpande zombi, kandi amashanyarazi hagati y'impande zombi agerwaho binyuze mu mashini (ubusanzwe mashini zikozwe mu byuma). Uburemere bwa circuit ni buke, kandi ishobora kugera ku mirimo myinshi hamwe n'uburyo bwagutse bwo kuyikoresha, nka motherboard za mudasobwa, ibikoresho by'itumanaho, nibindi.

Q5. Ni iyihe mirimo ya vias zidafite aho zibogamiye n'izishyinguye muri PCB zifite ibyiciro byinshi?

Ibyuma bitagaragara muri PCB zifite ibyiciro byinshi ni imyobo iyobora amashanyarazi iva hejuru ijya mu cyiciro runaka cy'imbere kandi ntikinjira mu kibaho cyose cya circuit. Bishobora gukoreshwa mu guhuza amashanyarazi hagati y'ibice runaka, bigabanye ukwivanga kw'ibimenyetso no kunoza ubuziranenge bw'ibimenyetso. Ibyuma bishyinguwe ni ibyuma bihuza ibice by'imbere kandi ntibigaragara hejuru. Bishobora kugera ku mibanire hagati y'ibice by'imbere kandi ntibifate umwanya wo hejuru, ibi bifasha mu gukora insinga zikomeye no kunoza imikorere n'urwego rwo guhuza imikorere ya circuit.

Q6. Kuki PCB zikoresha frequency yo hejuru zigomba gukoresha ibikoresho byihariye?

PCB zifite frequency nyinshi zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutunganya ibimenyetso bifite frequency nyinshi, nka microwave frequency bands na milimetero-wave bands, kandi ibimenyetso bishobora gutakaza igihe cyo kohereza. Ibikoresho byihariye nka Rogers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), n'ibikoresho byuzuye ceramic birakoreshwa kuko ibi bikoresho bifite imiterere ya dielectric constant (Dk) nke na tangent nke yo gutakaza (Df), bishobora kugabanya neza gutakaza ibimenyetso, kwemeza ko ibimenyetso ari inyangamugayo, no kubahiriza ibisabwa mu kohereza ibimenyetso bifite frequency nyinshi.

Q7. Ni ibihe bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bifite ingufu nyinshi PCB zikozwe mu byuma zikwiriye?

PCB zikozwe mu byuma zikwiriye ibikoresho bitandukanye by'ikoranabuhanga bikoresha ingufu nyinshi. Urugero, muri module z'amashanyarazi, ubushyuhe bwinshi butangwa mu gihe cyo gukora, kandi PCB zikozwe mu byuma zishobora gusohora ubushyuhe neza kugira ngo zikore neza. Ku bikoresho by'amatara ya LED, zishobora gusohora ubushyuhe bwa LED vuba, bikanoza imikorere y'urumuri n'igihe cy'ubuzima bw'amatara. Ku byuma bikoresha moteri, zishobora gufasha gusohora ubushyuhe bwakozwe mu gihe moteri ikora, zigatuma uruziga rudahindagurika.

Q8. Ni ibihe bintu by'ingenzi biranga tekiniki bya HDI PCB?

Ibiranga tekiniki by'ingenzi bya HDI PCB birimo gukoresha uburebure buto bwa diameter (Micro-Via, ubusanzwe buri munsi ya 0.1mm), bukorwa binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho nko gucukura laser no gushushanya plasma; kugira imirongo mito (Fine Line), bishobora kugera ku nsinga nziza zifite ubugari bw'umurongo/umurongo bungana na 30μm/30μm; gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kubaka kugira ngo hongerwe umubare w'ibice no kugera ku guhuza kw'ubucucike bwinshi; no kugira uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyira hejuru (SMT), rijyanye n'ibikenewe ku bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bito.

Q9. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'udupira two hejuru twa PCBs twasizweho udupira?

Ubwoko bw'udupira two hejuru twa PCBs twasizwemo icyuma kirimo icyuma gisukuye (Pure Tin), icyuma gisukuye (Tin-Lead Alloy), n'icyuma gisukuye kitagira icyuma, nka Sn-Cu (tin-copper alloy), Sn-Ag-Cu (tin-silver-copper alloy), n'ibindi. Igipira cy'icyuma gisukuye kitagira icyuma ni ubwoko bwagiye bukundwa buhoro buhoro kugira ngo buhuze n'ibisabwa mu kurengera ibidukikije.

Q10. Kuki PCB zikozwe mu zahabu zikunze gukoreshwa mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho?

PCB zikozwe muri zahabu zikunze gukoreshwa mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho kuko zahabu y'icyuma itwikiriye ubuso bwayo (igabanyijemo zahabu ikomeye na zahabu yoroshye) ishobora gutanga amashanyarazi meza, ikagabanya ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'amashanyarazi, kandi ikemeza ko amashanyarazi ahuzwa neza. Muri icyo gihe, zahabu ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kurwanya ogisijeni, ishobora kurwanya neza ingese n'ibinyabutabire, yongere igihe cyo gukora cy'inama y'itumanaho, kandi ikubahiriza ibisabwa bikomeye by'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho nk'indege, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, n'ibikoresho by'itumanaho kugira ngo bibe byizerwa kandi bihamye.

Q11. Ni iki kigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo kubika OSP PCBs?

OSP PCBs zitunganywa n'icyuma gikingira ubushyuhe bw'umwimerere. Igihe cyazo cyo kubika ni gito, kandi hagomba kwitabwaho gukumira ubushyuhe. Zigomba kubikwa ahantu humutse kandi hatarangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo hirindwe ko icyuma gikingira ubushyuhe bw'umwimerere cyangiza ubushyuhe bw'umwimerere bitewe n'ubushyuhe, ibyo bikaba bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw'icyuma gikingira ubushyuhe bw'ikirere. Muri icyo gihe, hagomba kandi kwitabwaho gusukura ubuso kugira ngo hirindwe ko ivumbi n'imyanda byanduza ubuso bw'icyuma gikingira ubushyuhe, ibyo bikaba bishobora kugira ingaruka ku gusudira no gukoresha neza.

Q12. Ni ibihe bisabwa ku mikorere ya mudasobwa kuri PCB?

Ibibaho bya mudasobwa nka motherboards, amakarita y'ibishushanyo, na seriveri bifite ibisabwa kugira ngo PCB zishobore gutunganya no kohereza amakuru vuba cyane. Bigomba gushyigikira protocole zo kohereza amakuru vuba cyane nka PCI-E bus, USB interfaces, na SATA interfaces. Bigomba kugira imikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi kugira ngo ibimenyetso bibe byiza kandi bihamye. Motherboard igomba guhuza ibice bitandukanye by'ingenzi, nka chipset, chip ya BIOS, na electrosupply circuit, nibindi, bigasaba PCB kugira imiterere ikwiye n'urwego rwo hejuru rwo guhuza. Ibibaho bya seriveri nabyo bigomba gushyigikira CPU nyinshi na memory nini, bigashyiraho ibisabwa byinshi ku bushobozi bwo gutwara no kwizerwa kwa PCB.

Q13. Kuki ibibaho by'imodoka bigomba kuba byizewe cyane?Ibibaho by'imodoka bikoreshwa kuri sisitemu z'ikoranabuhanga z'imodoka. Mu gihe cyo gutwara imodoka, imodoka zizahura n'imimerere itandukanye ikomeye y'ibidukikije, nko guhindagura, ingaruka, n'impinduka mu bushyuhe buri hejuru n'ubushyuhe buri hasi (ubusanzwe bisaba gukora neza mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya -40°C na 125°C). Iyo ikibaho cy'imodoka kidafite icyizere gihagije, bishobora gutuma sisitemu y'ikoranabuhanga y'imodoka ikora nabi, bigagira ingaruka ku mikorere isanzwe y'ikinyabiziga n'umutekano wo gutwara. Kubwibyo, ibibaho by'imodoka bigomba kuba byizewe cyane kugira ngo bigenzure ko imikorere ihamye mu bidukikije bikomeye.

Q14. Ni uruhe ruhare IC substrate (IC carrier board) igira mu gupakira chips?

Igice cya IC (IC carrier board) kigira uruhare runini mu guhuza chip n'uruziga rwo hanze mu gupakira chip. Urugero, uburyo bwo gupakira nka BGA (Ball Grid Array) packing, QFN (Quad Flat No-Lead) packing, na FC (Flip Chip) packing byose bigomba kugera ku mikoranire yizewe binyuze muri IC substrate. Igomba kugira imiterere yo guhuza cyane no gukora neza cyane kugira ngo ihuze n'ibisabwa byinshi byo kohereza ibimenyetso hagati ya chip n'uruziga rwo hanze. Muri icyo gihe, gucunga ubushyuhe n'imikorere y'amashanyarazi nabyo bigomba kwitabwaho kugira ngo ubushyuhe butangwa mu gihe cy'imikorere ya chip bushobore gukurwaho neza kandi ikimenyetso gishobora koherezwa mu buryo buhamye, bitume chip ikora neza.

Q15. Ni gute micro-vias z'amababi ya micro-via zikorwa?

Uduce duto tw’uduce duto tw’uduce duto dukunze gukorwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura hakoreshejwe laser cyangwa ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura plasma. Gucukura hakoreshejwe laser bikoresha ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo bishyushye urubuga rw’amashanyarazi, bigatuma ibikoresho bihita bihinduka umwuka bigakora micro-vias. Ku rundi ruhande, gucukura plasma bikoresha plasma kugira ngo ikore shimi ku bikoresho byo hejuru by’urubaho rw’amashanyarazi kugira ngo ikureho ibice bitari ngombwa, bityo igakora uduce duto cyane, nka micro-vias zitagaragara na micro-vias zitwikiriwe, nibindi, kugira ngo habeho insinga nyinshi.