Magulu a Magawo

Msonkhano wa PCB

1. Kodi PCBA ndi chiyani?

PCBA ndi chidule cha Printed Circuit Board Assembly, chomwe chimatanthauza njira yosokera zigawo zamagetsi pa PCB kuti apange dongosolo lonse la circuit. Ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zamagetsi.
2. Kodi njira zazikulu zopangira PCB ndi ziti?

Makamaka Ukadaulo wa Through-Hole (THT), Ukadaulo wa Surface Mount (SMT), ndi ukadaulo wosakanizidwa. Zigawo za THT solders zokhala ndi leads zomwe zimayikidwa m'mabowo, zigawo za SMT solders mwachindunji pamwamba pa PCB, ndipo ukadaulo wosakanizidwa umaphatikiza zonse ziwiri.
3. Kodi njira zazikulu zogwirira ntchito mu PCB ndi ziti?

Masitepe akuphatikizapo kukonzekera zinthu, kuyang'anira PCB, SMT (kusindikiza solder phala, kuyika zigawo, kusungunulanso), THT (kukonza lead, kusungunula mafunde), kuwotcherera, kuyesa khalidwe, kuyeretsa ndi kuphimba, ndi kusonkhanitsa komaliza.
4. N’chifukwa chiyani kusonkhana kwa PCB n’kofunika kwambiri pazinthu zamagetsi?

Imalumikiza zigawo zosiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, zomwe zimathandiza ntchito monga kukonza zizindikiro ndi kusintha mphamvu. Ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusintha kapangidwe kukhala zinthu zakuthupi.
5. Kodi njira yopangira PCB ndi yokhazikika?

Njira yoyambira ndi yofanana, koma imasinthidwa malinga ndi kuuma kwa chinthucho, mitundu ya zigawo, kukula kwa kupanga, ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zazing'ono zolondola kwambiri zitha kuwonjezera kuyang'aniridwa ndi manja, pomwe kupanga zinthu zambiri kumayang'ana kwambiri pa automation.
6. Kodi ukadaulo wa THT ndi makhalidwe ake ndi chiyani?

THT ndi ukadaulo wa Through-Hole, komwe zigawo zokhala ndi lead zimayikidwa m'mabowo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito molumikizana. Ubwino: mphamvu yayikulu yamakina, yoyenera zigawo zamagetsi amphamvu; Zoyipa: kukhala m'malo ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino pang'ono.
7. Kodi ukadaulo wa SMT ndi ubwino wake ndi chiyani?

SMT ndi Surface Mount Technology, yokhala ndi ubwino wokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma assembly, kukula kwa zigawo zazing'ono, kuyenerera kupanga zokha, kugwira ntchito bwino, komanso mtengo wotsika.
8. Kodi ukadaulo wosakanizidwa umagwiritsidwa ntchito liti?

Ukadaulo wa hybrid umagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene zinthu zikufunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yayikulu/mphamvu yamakina ya THT komanso kukula kwakukulu/kakang'ono kwa SMT, monga ma module amphamvu okhala ndi ma inductor odutsa m'mabowo ndi ma chips oyika pamwamba.
9. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza ndalama zogwirira ntchito za PCB?

Zokhudzidwa ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchuluka kwa zigawo za PCB/kukula/kuvuta kwa njira, kuvutika kwa kupanga, kuchuluka kwa kupanga, zofunikira pa mayeso, ndi zina zotero. Magulu akuluakulu amachepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe njira zovuta zimawonjezera ndalama.
10. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa zofunikira pa kusonkhana kwa PCB pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi?

Zipangizo zamagetsi za ogula: mtengo wotsika, kuchulukana kwambiri, kuchepetsedwa; Kulamulira mafakitale: kukhazikika, kupewa kusokoneza; Zipangizo zachipatala: kulondola kwambiri komanso kudalirika, zomwe zimafuna kutsatira miyezo mosamalitsa.
11. Kodi zinthu za PCB zimakhudza bwanji kusonkhana?

Zipangizo zodziwika bwino monga FR-4 (zabwino zamagetsi/makina pazinthu wamba) ndi CEM-1 (mtengo wotsika koma magwiridwe antchito otsika). Kuchuluka kwa kutentha kumakhudza kudalirika kwa malo olumikizirana; kusiyana kwakukulu kungayambitse mavuto opsinjika.
12. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji kuchuluka kwa zigawo za PCB ndi momwe zimakhudzira?

Sankhani kutengera kuuma kwa dera: magawo awiri pa ma circuit osavuta, magawo ambiri pa ma circuit ovuta. Magawo ambiri amapereka malo ambiri oyendetsera koma ndalama zambiri, ndi zofunikira zolimba kuti ma layer agwirizane.
13. Kodi malire a kukula kwa PCB ndi otani?

Ma PCB akuluakulu amapitirira malire a zida; omwe ndi ochepa kukula amayambitsa mavuto pakugwira/kusungunula, zomwe zimakhudza kapangidwe ka zigawo ndi kutayika kwa kutentha.
14. N’chifukwa chiyani kapangidwe ka ma pad n’kofunika kwambiri popangira zinthu?

Kukula kwa ma Pad, mawonekedwe, ndi mtunda zimakhudza mwachindunji ubwino wa soldering. Ma Pad ang'onoang'ono kwambiri amachititsa kuti malo olumikizirana akhale ouma; mtunda woyandikana kwambiri umapangitsa kuti ma circuit afupikitsidwe azilumikizana.
15. Kodi kumalizidwa kwa pamwamba pa PCB kumakhudza bwanji kusonkhana?

Kulinganiza kwa solder ya mpweya wotentha (HASL): mtengo wotsika koma wosasalala, womwe umakhudza kulumidwa bwino kwa solder; Golide wothira nickel wopanda magetsi (ENIG): kulumidwa bwino kwa solder, kulondola kwambiri, mtengo wapamwamba; Chosungira cha organic solderability (OSP): chimateteza mkuwa, mtengo wocheperako, komanso zofunikira zosungira mosamala.
16. Kodi mungayang'anire bwanji khalidwe la PCB?

Kuyang'ana zinthu m'maso (kukanda, kusintha mawonekedwe), kuyesa kwa flying probe/ICT (kulumikizana), kusanthula kwa metallographic (kapangidwe ka mkati/kuyika ma plate).
17. Ndi mankhwala ati omwe amafunika musanayambe kupanga PCB?

Kuyeretsa kuti muchotse zinyalala; Ma PCB okonzedwa ndi OSP amafunika kuphika kuti muchotse chinyezi ndikuletsa thovu losungunuka.
18. Kodi ntchito ya mafayilo opanga PCB ndi yotani pakusonkhanitsa?

Mafayilo opangidwa monga Gerber amatchula kapangidwe ka zigawo ndi malo opangidwa ndi ma pedi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko omangira kuti zitsimikizire kuti mapangidwe akugwirizana.
19. Kodi zizindikiro za zolakwika pakupanga PCB ndi ziti?

Zigawo sizingathe kuyikidwa, magetsi ofupikitsa/otseguka, kusokoneza ma signal, kutentha kosakwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito zilephereke kapena mavuto a magwiridwe antchito.
20. Kodi mungaganizire bwanji momwe mungapangire zinthu zopangidwa ndi PCB?

Kapangidwe koyenera ka zigawo (pewani malo okhuthala/ovuta kufikako), kapangidwe kabwino ka ma pad, kugwirizana kwa SMT/THT, kuyika mabowo, ndi njira yoyendetsera kuti mupewe ma ngodya akuthwa ndi zizindikiro zazitali.
21. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji zigawo zoyenera kusonkhana kwa PCB?

Taganizirani momwe magetsi amagwirira ntchito (kufananiza ma parameter), kugwirizana kwa phukusi ndi ma pad, kudalirika, mtengo, ndi kukhazikika kwa magetsi.
22. Kodi mitundu ya ma phukusi a zigawo ndi zotsatira zake ndi ziti?

Ma phukusi odutsa m'mabowo (monga, DIP) a THT, malo akuluakulu okhala; Ma phukusi oyika pamwamba (monga, SOP/BGA) a SMT, kuchuluka kwambiri koma vuto lalikulu losokera (monga, BGA imafuna kuwongolera kutentha kolondola).
23. Kodi kusungunuka kwa lead kumakhudza bwanji kusonkhana?

Kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa soldering kumayambitsa kuuma kwa malo olumikizirana mafupa ndi kusweka kwa bodza. Miyala yothira okosijeni/mafuta imafunika kukonzedwa pasadakhale (kutsukidwa, kuikidwa mu chitini).
24. Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati zigawo zikugwirizana ndi kusungunula kwa mafunde/kubwerera kwa madzi?

Kusokeranso kwa Reflow kumakwanira zigawo za SMT; kusokera kwa mafunde kumayenerera mabowo odutsa ndi zigawo zazikulu za SMT. Mafotokozedwe nthawi zambiri amatchula njira zogwirizana.
25. Kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti zinthu zili bwino pa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu?

Kuyesa koyamba (FIFO), kutentha/chinyezi cholamulidwa (20-25℃, 40%-60%RH), kutengera zitsanzo nthawi zonse, ndi kuyesa/kuchotsa zinthu zomwe zatha ntchito/zokayikitsa.
26. Kodi zotsatira zake ndi ziti pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zolakwika?

Kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa dera (ma parameter olakwika, kulephera kwa chip), ma short circuits/overloads, ndi kuwonongeka kwa PCB ndi zigawo zina.
27. Kodi mungayang'anire bwanji zigawo zomwe zikubwera?

Kuyang'ana maso (kuwonongeka, kusungunuka kwa lead), kuyesa kwa magawo amagetsi (multimeter/LCR meter), ndi kuyesa magwiridwe antchito a zigawo zofunika (monga kutsimikizira mapulogalamu a chip).
28. Kodi kupsinjika kwa kutentha kumakhudza bwanji zigawo panthawi yosokera?

Kupsinjika kwambiri kwa kutentha kungayambitse ming'alu yamkati mwa solder mu tchipisi kapena kuwonongeka kwa dielectric mu ma capacitor, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magawo azitha kuyenda kapena kulephera. Mbiri ya kutentha ndi nthawi ziyenera kulamulidwa.
29. Kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti zigawo zogawanika zimayang'aniridwa bwino?

Zizindikiro zozungulira (monga capacitor ±, mivi ya diode) zimalembedwa pa ma PCB pads. Kukhazikitsa pamanja kumafuna kutsimikizira kowoneka; zida zodziyimira zokha zimafunikira magawo a polarity okonzedwa.
30. Kodi zinthu zolondola kwambiri zili ndi zofunikira ziti pa chilengedwe?

Imafuna kutentha/chinyezi cholamulidwa (±2℃, 40%-60%RH) ndi chitetezo cha ESD (pansi poletsa kugwedezeka, zingwe za m'manja, zovala zogwirira ntchito) kuti isagwedezeke ndi kuwonongeka kwa ESD.
31. Kodi mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito reflow soldering ndi kutentha kwake ndi chiyani?

Mfundo: Kusindikiza phala la soldering → kuyika kwa gawo → kutentha kuti phala lisungunuke → kuziziritsa ku soldering. Mbiri ya kutentha: Yatsani (1-3℃/s mpaka 150-180℃), zilowerereni (180-200℃, 60-120s), bwererani (chiwerengero chapamwamba 217-235℃, 30-90s), kuzizira (3-6℃/s).
32. Kodi mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito mafunde ndi zigawo zoyenera ndi ziti?

Mfundo: Chosungunula chamadzimadzi chimapanga mafunde, ndipo ma PCB lead amasungunulidwa akamadutsa. Choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zazikulu za SMT komanso mabowo olowera.
33. Kodi kusungunula ndi manja kumagwiritsidwa ntchito liti komanso njira zodzitetezera?

Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Kupanga zitsanzo, kukonza, ndi malo ovuta kufikako kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito paokha. Zosamala: Chitsulo chosungunula 20-60W, waya wosungunula 0.5-1.0mm, kutentha 300-350℃, nthawi 3-5s, kuyeretsa kusanachitike, ndi kuwunikira pambuyo pake.
34. Kodi zofunikira pa kusankha solder ndi ziti?

Sankhani mwa njira: Phala lopanda lead-lead (Sn-Ag-Cu, 217-227℃) kuti liziyendanso; mipiringidzo ya lead-free solder (Sn-Pb, 183℃ ya lead-free) kuti lizigwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza mafunde; waya wolumikizira kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito polumikiza ndi manja, poganizira momwe madzi angalowerere komanso mtengo wake.
35. Kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti soldering ndi yabwino?

Kuwongolera magawo a njira (mawonekedwe a kutentha, nthawi yosokera), kukonza zida, kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyenera, kuyang'anira AOI/X-Ray, ndi kukonzanso zolakwika panthawi yake.
36. Kodi zolakwika ndi mayankho ofala a solder ndi ati?

Cholumikizira chouma: Sinthani kutentha, onjezerani nthawi, yeretsani malo; Short circuit: Chepetsani solder, konzani kapangidwe kake; Kulumikiza: Sinthani kuchuluka kwa phala, mbiri ya kutentha; Solder yosakwanira: Wonjezerani phala, konzani njira; Solder yosakhazikika: Onjezani flux, sinthani kutentha.
37. Kodi ntchito za flux ndi ziti ndipo mungasankhe bwanji?

Ntchito: Kuchotsa ma oxides, kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa pamwamba, kukonza kunyowa. Mitundu: Zopanda chilengedwe (zogwira ntchito zambiri, zowononga, zimafuna kuyeretsa), zachilengedwe (zogwira ntchito pang'ono, zowononga zochepa, zimafuna kuyeretsa), zochokera ku rosin (zofala, zosawononga, zosayera). Sankhani mwa njira ndi mankhwala.
38. Kodi mtengo wa Tg wa PCB substrate umakhudza bwanji njira zosonkhanitsira?

Mtengo wa Tg umatsimikiza kukana kutentha kwa substrate. FR-4 yokhazikika ili ndi Tg ~130-140℃, pomwe zinthu za Tg yapamwamba (≥170℃) zimapirira kukwera kwa madzi mpaka 250℃, zomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha delamination. Njira zopanda lead zimafuna Tg≥150℃.
39. Kodi malire a njira yochepetsera m'lifupi/kutalika kwa mzere ndi otani?

SMT Yokhazikika: 4/4mil (0.1/0.1mm); Njira za HDI zimafikira 2/2mil (0.05/0.05mm) yokhala ndi mawonekedwe olondola kwambiri komanso cholembera cha mkuwa chopanda magetsi.
40. Kodi mungapange bwanji kukula kwa ma pad a ma component package?

Tsatirani IPC-7351: M'lifupi mwa QFP pad +0.1-0.2mm poyerekeza ndi m'lifupi mwa lead; Ma pad 0603 amalimbikitsa 0.65×0.65mm pa 0.04-0.06mg solder pad iliyonse.
41. Kodi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya alloy ndi malo osungunuka a ma solder phala opanda lead ndi ati?

Dominant SAC305 (96.5Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu) imasungunuka pa 217℃, 34℃ kuposa Sn-Pb eutectic (183℃), zomwe zimafuna kutentha kowonjezereka kwa reflow.
42. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji makulidwe a stencil kuti musindikize phala la solder?

Zinthu 0402: Stencil ya 0.12mm; 0.5mm pitch BGA: Stencil ya 0.1mm yokhala ndi kutsegula kwa 85% pad kuti mipira yosokedwa isagwe.
43. Kodi kulekerera kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwa offset yosindikiza ndi kotani?

IPC-A-610: Kuchepetsa kwa solder phala ≤25% ya m'lifupi mwa pad; ≤0.1mm ya 0.4mm pitch QFP.
44. Kodi kulondola kwa malo oika makina otola ndi kuika kumatanthauzidwa bwanji?

Makina apamwamba (monga Fuji NXT) ali ndi Cpk≥1.33, XY repeatable ±25μm, θ accuracy ±0.5°, oyenera zigawo za 0201 ndi 0.3mm pitch BGA.
45. Kodi kupanikizika kwa malo kumakhudza bwanji zigawo?

Kupanikizika kwa malo a MLCC: 0.3-0.5N (chiopsezo cha kusweka pakakhala kupsinjika kwakukulu); QFP leads: 0.8-1.2N ya coplanarity.
46. Kodi mungapewe bwanji kuyika miyala pa manda pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zina za manda?

Konzani bwino malo oikira (± 0.05mm), onetsetsani kuti voliyumu ya solder phala ndi yofanana, kuchuluka kwa reflow ramp ≤3℃/s kuti muchepetse kutentha.
47. Kodi ndi magawo ati a kutentha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothira solder yopanda lead?

Kutentha (150-180℃): 1-2℃/s ramp; zilowerereni (180-210℃): 60-90s; reflow peak 245-255℃, ≥217℃ kwa 60-90s; kuziziritsa 2-4℃/s.
48. Kodi ubwino ndi ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito nayitrogeni reflow soldering ndi ziti?

Nayitrogeni (O₂＜500ppm) imachepetsa okosijeni ndipo imapangitsa kuti chinyezi chisanyowe, koma imawonjezera 15-20% pamitengo yokonza, yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito modalirika kwambiri.
49. Kodi muyezo wovomerezeka wa BGA voiding ndi wotani?

IPC-A-610 Kalasi 3: Malo opanda kanthu ≤10% ya malo a mpira wogulitsira; ntchito zofunika kwambiri (monga magalimoto) zimafuna ≤5%.
50. Kodi mungasinthe bwanji kutalika kwa mafunde mu soldering ya mafunde?

Kusokera kwa mafunde awiri: Mafunde ogwedezeka amamira makulidwe a PCB 1/3-1/2; kutalika kwa mafunde osalala ndi 0.5-1mm pansi pa PCB.
51. Kodi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba kumakhudza bwanji kusungunula?

Kutuluka kwa madzi kopanda ukhondo: kuchuluka kolimba 10%) kumathandizira kuti madzi azitha kunyowa koma kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha zotsalira, zomwe zimafuna kutsukidwa koyenera.
52. Kodi mungagwirizanitse bwanji kutentha kwa mafunde ndi liwiro la conveyor?

Pa kutentha kwa 245-255℃ kwa mphika wothira, liwiro ndi 1.2-1.8m/min; ma PCB a mkuwa okhuthala amafunika 1m/min kuti azitha kudzaza.
53. Kodi kutentha kwa nsonga ya chitsulo chosungunula kumakhudza bwanji ubwino wake?

Kusokera kopanda lead: kutentha kwa nsonga ya 350-380℃, nthawi yolumikizana ndi masekondi ≤3. Kutentha kwambiri kumayambitsa kukweza mapepala kapena kusungunuka kwa lead.
54. Kodi mungakonze bwanji ndikusintha ma BGA panthawi yokonzanso?

Machitidwe owongolera kuwala (±25μm molondola) okhala ndi zida zosinthira maballo amaonetsetsa kuti
55. Kodi kutentha ndi liwiro la mpweya ziti zomwe QFP imagwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti zotentha?

Yatsani kutentha kwa 150-180℃, kutentha kokonzanso kwa 320-350℃, liwiro la mpweya 4-6 (20-30L/min) kuti mupewe kusintha kwa lead.
56. Kodi ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kuyeretsa madzi ndi zosungunulira ndi ziti?

Madzi: Ogwirizana ndi chilengedwe koma amafuna kutentha kwambiri (60-80℃), chiopsezo cha dzimbiri; Zosungunulira (monga NMP): zothandiza koma zimafuna zida zosaphulika, zoletsa za VOC.
57. Kodi muyezo wa zotsalira za ayoni ukatha kutsukidwa ndi wotani?

IPC-TM-650: Zotsalira za Ionic
58. Kodi chiŵerengero cha zolakwika zomwe zimafunika pakuwunika kwa AOI ndi chiani?

AOI yothamanga kwambiri imaphimba ≥95% ya zolakwika za zigawo 0402, ＞98% ya ma lead olumikizana/osowa a QFP, koma imavutika ndi ma voids amkati a BGA.
59. Kodi kuyesedwa kwa X-Ray ndi kotani?

X-Ray ya Micro-focus imapeza resolution ya 5μm, kuzindikira malo olumikizirana a BGA a 0.3mm pitch ndi mkati mwa PCB wa zigawo 20.
60. Kodi ukadaulo wa ICT umathandiza bwanji kuzindikira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito makina otseguka?

Kuzindikira kwa ICT kolondola kwambiri kumatsegula pansi pa 0.1Ω, ndi kukana kwa misomali ku bedi la misomali ＜100mΩ.
61. Kodi malire a chinyezi omwe ma PCB amayamwa ndi otani pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana?

IPC-J-STD-033: Zigawo za MSL level 3 ≤168 hours pa 30℃/60%RH; kuphika pa 125℃ kwa maola 4-8 ngati zapitirira.
62. Kodi mungayese bwanji mphamvu ya makina olumikizirana ndi solder?

0603 zolumikizira: mphamvu yocheperako yokoka ≥1.5N; QFP leads: mphamvu yocheka ≥5N, pa IPC-9701.
63. Kodi kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa PCB warpage ndi kotani?

IPC-A-600: ≤1.5%; Ma PCB osonkhanitsidwa ndi BGA ≤0.7% kuti apewe malo olumikizirana mafupa ouma.
64. Kodi malire a kuwonongeka kwa ESD pa zigawo zake ndi otani?

Zipangizo za CMOS zimakhala ndi mphamvu ya HBM
65. Kodi kapangidwe ka mtengo wa PCBA yotsika mtengo ndi kotani?

Mtengo wa zinthu ndi 40-50%, kukonza (kuphatikiza kuchepa kwa mtengo) 30-40%, kuyang'anira 10-20%. Mtengo wa chinthu ndi 30-50% kuposa kupanga zinthu zambiri.

Msonkhano wa PCB

1. Kodi PCBA ndi chiyani?

2. Kodi njira zazikulu zopangira PCB ndi ziti?

3. Kodi njira zazikulu zogwirira ntchito mu PCB ndi ziti?

4. N’chifukwa chiyani kusonkhana kwa PCB n’kofunika kwambiri pazinthu zamagetsi?

5. Kodi njira yopangira PCB ndi yokhazikika?

6. Kodi ukadaulo wa THT ndi makhalidwe ake ndi chiyani?

7. Kodi ukadaulo wa SMT ndi ubwino wake ndi chiyani?

8. Kodi ukadaulo wosakanizidwa umagwiritsidwa ntchito liti?

9. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza ndalama zogwirira ntchito za PCB?

10. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa zofunikira pa kusonkhana kwa PCB pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi?

11. Kodi zinthu za PCB zimakhudza bwanji kusonkhana?

12. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji kuchuluka kwa zigawo za PCB ndi momwe zimakhudzira?

13. Kodi malire a kukula kwa PCB ndi otani?

14. N’chifukwa chiyani kapangidwe ka ma pad n’kofunika kwambiri popangira zinthu?

15. Kodi kumalizidwa kwa pamwamba pa PCB kumakhudza bwanji kusonkhana?

16. Kodi mungayang'anire bwanji khalidwe la PCB?

17. Ndi mankhwala ati omwe amafunika musanayambe kupanga PCB?

18. Kodi ntchito ya mafayilo opanga PCB ndi yotani pakusonkhanitsa?

19. Kodi zizindikiro za zolakwika pakupanga PCB ndi ziti?

20. Kodi mungaganizire bwanji momwe mungapangire zinthu zopangidwa ndi PCB?

21. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji zigawo zoyenera kusonkhana kwa PCB?

22. Kodi mitundu ya ma phukusi a zigawo ndi zotsatira zake ndi ziti?

23. Kodi kusungunuka kwa lead kumakhudza bwanji kusonkhana?

24. Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati zigawo zikugwirizana ndi kusungunula kwa mafunde/kubwerera kwa madzi?

25. Kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti zinthu zili bwino pa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu?

26. Kodi zotsatira zake ndi ziti pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zolakwika?

27. Kodi mungayang'anire bwanji zigawo zomwe zikubwera?

28. Kodi kupsinjika kwa kutentha kumakhudza bwanji zigawo panthawi yosokera?

29. Kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti zigawo zogawanika zimayang'aniridwa bwino?

30. Kodi zinthu zolondola kwambiri zili ndi zofunikira ziti pa chilengedwe?

31. Kodi mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito reflow soldering ndi kutentha kwake ndi chiyani?

32. Kodi mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito mafunde ndi zigawo zoyenera ndi ziti?

33. Kodi kusungunula ndi manja kumagwiritsidwa ntchito liti komanso njira zodzitetezera?

34. Kodi zofunikira pa kusankha solder ndi ziti?

35. Kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti soldering ndi yabwino?

36. Kodi zolakwika ndi mayankho ofala a solder ndi ati?

37. Kodi ntchito za flux ndi ziti ndipo mungasankhe bwanji?

38. Kodi mtengo wa Tg wa PCB substrate umakhudza bwanji njira zosonkhanitsira?

39. Kodi malire a njira yochepetsera m'lifupi/kutalika kwa mzere ndi otani?

40. Kodi mungapange bwanji kukula kwa ma pad a ma component package?

41. Kodi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya alloy ndi malo osungunuka a ma solder phala opanda lead ndi ati?

42. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji makulidwe a stencil kuti musindikize phala la solder?

43. Kodi kulekerera kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwa offset yosindikiza ndi kotani?

44. Kodi kulondola kwa malo oika makina otola ndi kuika kumatanthauzidwa bwanji?

45. Kodi kupanikizika kwa malo kumakhudza bwanji zigawo?

46. ​​Kodi mungapewe bwanji kuyika miyala pa manda pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zina za manda?

47. Kodi ndi magawo ati a kutentha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothira solder yopanda lead?

48. Kodi ubwino ndi ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito nayitrogeni reflow soldering ndi ziti?

49. Kodi muyezo wovomerezeka wa BGA voiding ndi wotani?

50. Kodi mungasinthe bwanji kutalika kwa mafunde mu soldering ya mafunde?

51. Kodi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba kumakhudza bwanji kusungunula?

52. Kodi mungagwirizanitse bwanji kutentha kwa mafunde ndi liwiro la conveyor?

53. Kodi kutentha kwa nsonga ya chitsulo chosungunula kumakhudza bwanji ubwino wake?

54. Kodi mungakonze bwanji ndikusintha ma BGA panthawi yokonzanso?

55. Kodi kutentha ndi liwiro la mpweya ziti zomwe QFP imagwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti zotentha?

56. Kodi ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kuyeretsa madzi ndi zosungunulira ndi ziti?

57. Kodi muyezo wa zotsalira za ayoni ukatha kutsukidwa ndi wotani?

58. Kodi chiŵerengero cha zolakwika zomwe zimafunika pakuwunika kwa AOI ndi chiani?

59. Kodi kuyesedwa kwa X-Ray ndi kotani?

60. Kodi ukadaulo wa ICT umathandiza bwanji kuzindikira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito makina otseguka?

61. Kodi malire a chinyezi omwe ma PCB amayamwa ndi otani pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana?

62. Kodi mungayese bwanji mphamvu ya makina olumikizirana ndi solder?

63. Kodi kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa PCB warpage ndi kotani?

64. Kodi malire a kuwonongeka kwa ESD pa zigawo zake ndi otani?

65. Kodi kapangidwe ka mtengo wa PCBA yotsika mtengo ndi kotani?

46. Kodi mungapewe bwanji kuyika miyala pa manda pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zina za manda?