Njira yokonza PCBA

Njira yokonzanso PCBA (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) ndi njira yopezera zolakwika m'magulu omwe ali ndi vuto losokera kapena kulephera kugwira ntchito bwino, kuchotsa zigawo zolakwika, ndikuyikanso zigawo zoyenera. Ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi 5%-15% ya PCBA imafunika kukonzedwanso panthawi yopanga zinthu zamagetsi.

Kukonzanso kumathetsa mavuto monga zolakwika zosokedwa ndi kulephera kwa zigawo panthawi yopanga, pomwe chinthu chokonzedwacho chikufunika kukwaniritsa miyezo yoyambirira yopangira; kukonza kumathetsa zolakwika zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha ukalamba, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika, ndi zina zotero, muzinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa kale ntchito. Muyezo wabwino kwambiri wamakampani ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zolakwika zomwe zakonzedwanso mkati mwa 3%.

Njira yodziwika bwino ndi iyi: kuzindikira zolakwika → malo olakwika → kuchotsa chigawo → kuyeretsa mapepala → kusoka chigawo chatsopano → kuyang'anira ndi kutsimikizira. Pakati pawo, kuchotsa chigawo ndi kusoka 60%-70% ya nthawi yonse yogwirira ntchito.

Ngakhale m'mizere yopangira ya SMT yapamwamba, pali chiwopsezo cha soldering cha 0.1%-1% (monga soldering yozizira ndi bridging). Kukonzanso kungawongolere kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimayenera kugulitsidwa, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, komanso kupewa kutaya bolodi lonse.

Zingathandize kuti zinthu ziyambe kukwera bwino, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo ndi zabwino komanso zodalirika, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zosamalira zinthu pambuyo pogulitsa. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti njira zabwino zokonzanso zinthu zitha kuwonjezera kudalirika kwa zinthu ndi 20%-30%.

Makamaka zimaphatikizapo malo osinthira mpweya wotentha, malo osinthira infrared, malo osinthira BGA, mapampu ochotsera soldering, maikulosikopu, ndi zina zotero. Pakati pawo, malo osinthira BGA ali ndi kulondola kowongolera kutentha kwa ±1℃, koyenera kusinthira BGA component molondola kwambiri.

Imapanga mpweya wotentha kudzera mu chubu chotenthetsera, ndipo imauzira mpweya wotentha ku zigawo zomwe zikonzedwenso kudzera mu nozzle, ndikusungunula solder kuti ichotsedwe kapena kulowetsedwa. Kutentha kwa mpweya wotentha nthawi zambiri kumasinthidwa kuyambira 200-450℃, ndi liwiro la mpweya la 5-50L/min.

Malo osinthira kutentha a BGA ali ndi ntchito zodziyimira pawokha zowongolera kutentha m'malo osiyanasiyana otentha, zomwe zimathandiza kuwongolera kutentha movutikira, koyenera zida zopakidwa monga BGA ndi CSP; malo osinthira kutentha kwa mpweya wotentha amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapaketi achikhalidwe monga QFP ndi SOP. Mtengo wa malo osinthira kutentha a BGA ndi pafupifupi nthawi zitatu kapena zisanu kuposa malo osinthira kutentha kwa mpweya wotentha.

Amagawidwa m'magawo a mapampu ochotsera soldering ndi manja, mapampu ochotsera soldering ndi magetsi, ndi mfuti zochotsera soldering ndi vacuum. Mapampu ochotsera soldering ndi oyenera kuchotsa malo ochepa olumikizira soldering, mapampu ochotsera soldering ndi ogwira ntchito bwino, ndipo mfuti zochotsera soldering ndi zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zokhala ndi ma pin ambiri. Mapampu ochotsera soldering ndi magetsi amachotsa soldering nthawi 3-5 mwachangu kuposa a pamanja.

Pa zipangizo zazing'ono zopakidwa monga 0201 ndi 01005, maikulosikopu yokhala ndi kukula kwa nthawi 50-100 imafunika; pa zipangizo wamba zopakidwa, kukula kwa nthawi 10-30 n'kokwanira. Maikulosikopu yokhala ndi kukula kwakukulu ndi yokwera mtengo pafupifupi nthawi 2-3 kuposa yomwe ili ndi kukula kochepa.

Yokhazikika malinga ndi ma CD a zigawo ndi mtundu wa solder. Pa solder ya Sn63Pb37, kutentha kochotsa nthawi zambiri kumakhala 350-380℃, ndipo kutentha kosungunula ndi 320-350℃; pa solder yopanda lead (monga SAC305), kutentha kochotsa ndi 380-420℃, ndipo kutentha kosungunula ndi 350-380℃. Kutentha kwambiri kumawononga mosavuta zigawo, pomwe kutentha kochepa kwambiri kumalepheretsa solder kusungunuka.

Kawirikawiri imakhala ndi malo otenthetsera (kutentha kwa 1-3℃/s, kutentha kwa 120-150℃), malo onyowetsera (150-180℃, 60-120s), malo obwezeretsanso madzi (kutentha kwapamwamba kwa 217-235℃, kusungidwa kwa 30-60s), ndi malo oziziritsira (kuzizira kwa 2-4℃/s). Kusakhazikika bwino kwa curve ya kutentha kungayambitse mavuto monga kusungunula kozizira kwa BGA ndi kusweka kwa mpira wa solder.

Kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mpweya kumatha kuwononga zinthu zazing'ono kapena kuyambitsa kusweka kwa solder; kuthamanga kochepa kwambiri kwa mpweya kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kusayende bwino. Nthawi zambiri, kuthamanga kwa mpweya kwa mapaketi a 0402 ndi pamwambapa kumakhala pa 10-20L/min, ndipo kwa 0201 ndi pansi, ndi 5-10L/min.

Ndikoyenera kuti nthawi yosokera pa cholumikizira chimodzi cha solder isapitirire masekondi atatu, ndipo soldering yosalekeza isapitirire masekondi 10. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yosokera imawonjezera chiopsezo cha PCB copper foil kuchotsedwa ndi 30% komanso mwayi woti zigawo zake ziwonongeke ndi 25%.

Sinthani malinga ndi kukula kwa PCBA ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo, nthawi zambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya 1-3W/cm². Mphamvu yochulukirapo ingayambitse kutentha kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa PCB, pomwe mphamvu yotsika kwambiri imapangitsa kuti kutentha kusamagwire bwino ntchito.

Gwiritsani ntchito malo osinthira mpweya wotentha, lowetsani nozzle pa mapini, tenthetsani pa 350-380℃ ndi liwiro la mpweya la 15-20L/min, ndipo chotsani chinthucho ndi ma tweezers solder ikasungunuka. Mukachotsa, yeretsani ma pad ndi chingwe chochotsera soldering.

Choyamba, khazikitsani curve yoyenera ya kutentha. Mipira ya solder ikasungunuka kwathunthu, chotsani BGA mosamala ndi cholembera chotsukira vacuum; yeretsani solder yotsala pamapepala ndi reball pogwiritsa ntchito solder paste. Kuchuluka kwa BGA kuchotsa ndi 85% chifukwa cha kufanana kwa curve ya kutentha.

Lembani mbali ya polarity ya gawo kuti mupewe kuyikanso mobwerera m'mbuyo; samalani ndi kutentha kofanana panthawi yochotsa kuti mupewe kuphulika kwa gawo chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri m'deralo. Kuyika polarity molakwika kumawonjezera kulephera kwa chinthu ndi 40%.

Zikatero, kuyang'ana kwa X-ray kumafunika kuti mudziwe malo omwe cholumikiziracho chili, ndipo njira zotenthetsera zapafupi (monga kutentha kwa laser) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa. N'zovuta kwambiri, ndipo chiwopsezo cha kupambana ndi 60%-70% yokha.

Yang'anirani kutentha ndi nthawi yotenthetsera, ndipo pewani kutentha mobwerezabwereza komwe kuli pamalo omwewo; gwiritsani ntchito zida zoyenera, monga kugwiritsa ntchito pry bar kuti muthandize kuchotsa zigawo zazikulu kuti muchepetse kukoka PCB. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kungathandize kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa PCB ndi 50%.

Tsukani chotsukira chotsalira pa ma pad pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe chochotsera chotsukira ndi chitsulo chosungunula: lowetsani chingwecho mu flux, chiyikeni pa pad, ndikuchitenthetsa ndi chitsulo kuti chitenge chotsukiracho. Gwirizanitsani kukula kwa chingwecho ndi pad kuti mupewe kuyeretsa kwambiri kapena kosakwanira.

Pukutani mosamala gawo losungunuka ndi sandpaper yopyapyala, ikani flux, ndikutentha kuti mubwezeretse kusungunuka. Ma pad osungunuka osakonzedwa angayambitse chiwopsezo cha 80% cha soldering.

Kuti muchotse pang'ono, gwiritsani ntchito mawaya a jumper; kuti muchotse kwathunthu, sinthaninso pedi (yokutira mkuwa, chophimba chophimba chophimba nkhope) ndikuyesa momwe magetsi amagwirira ntchito mukamaliza kukonza.

Gwiritsani ntchito nsonga yachitsulo yolumikizira ngati chisel kuti mulinganize cholumikizira chochulukirapo, ndikuyika mchenga ngati pakufunika. Cholakwika cha kusalala chiyenera kukhala mkati mwa ± 0.05mm kuti mupewe mavuto a cholumikizira.

Inde. Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala oyeretsera a anhydrous kapena mankhwala apadera oyeretsera kuti muchotse madzi otsala ndi zinyalala, kupewa kuwonjezeka kwa 20% kwa zolakwika zosokera ndi dzimbiri la PCB.

Yang'anani zofunikira za zigawo, sungani mapadi, ndipo konzani zida zoyenera ndikusinthasintha. Kukonzekera kosakwanira kungayambitse chiwopsezo cha 30% chokonzanso.

Gwiritsani ntchito maikulosikopu ndi malo osinthira mpweya wotentha kapena chitsulo chosungunula. Konzani pini imodzi kaye, kenako sungunulani yotsalayo kuti muwonetsetse kuti malo ake ndi olondola.

Gwiritsani ntchito X-ray kuti muwone kulumikizana kwa mpira wa solder (void rate ≤5%) ndi multimeter kuti muwone kupitiliza kwa magetsi. X-ray imazindikira zolakwika zoposa 90%.

Konzani zinthuzo ndi guluu kapena flux musanazisungunule, ndipo zitenthetseni mofanana kuti mupewe kutentha kwambiri. Kusinthaku kumabweretsa 15%-20% ya zolakwika pakuthira soldering.

Miyala ya mkuwa imatha kusokedwa mosavuta; miyala yachitsulo imafunika kutsukidwa kale; miyala ya alloy imafunika kusinthasintha kofanana. Miyala yachitsulo yosakonzedwa imakhala ndi vuto la 70% la soldering.

Kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana maso, kuyesa magwiridwe antchito amagetsi (kupitiliza, kukana kutentha), ndi kuyesa magwiridwe antchito. Kuyang'ana maso kumapeza 70%-80% ya zolakwika zoonekeratu.

Yang'anani ngati pali malo olumikizirana osalala komanso opanda kusungunula kozizira, kulumikiza, kapena kuyika ma icecles; onetsetsani kuti ma lead ali ndi solder yonse komanso osawonongeka. Kutsatira miyezo ya IPC-A-610 ndikofunikira.

Imazindikira mtundu wa cholumikizira chamkati cha zinthu za BGA/CSP, kuzindikira cholumikizira chozizira, mipira yosweka ya cholumikizira, ndi mabowo, ndi kuchuluka kopitilira 95% kwa zovuta zamkati.

Imayesa magwiridwe antchito amagetsi kudzera mu zida zomangira misomali, kuzindikira mavuto a kabudula, kutseguka, ndi magawo azinthu, zomwe zimakhudza 80%-90% ya maulumikizidwe amagetsi.

Phatikizani PCBA mu dongosolo kuti muyerekezere momwe ntchito ikuyendera komanso kuyesa magwiridwe antchito, kuzindikira 90% ya kulephera kwa ntchito komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kuwotcherera.

Zifukwa: mapadi osayera, kutentha kosakwanira, kusuntha kosagwira ntchito. Mayankho: kuyeretsanso mapadi, sinthani kutentha/nthawi, ndikuyikanso kusuntha ndi njira zina zapamwamba.

Chotsani solder yochulukirapo ndi chingwe/chitsulo chochotsera soldering, sinthani kutentha kwa soldering ndi liwiro la mpweya kuti mupewe kupopera. Kugwira bwino ntchito kumakwaniritsa 95% yokonza.

Zifukwa zomwe zingachitike: kuwonongeka kwa zigawo, kutenthedwa kwambiri panthawi yosokera, polarity yobwerera m'mbuyo. Ziwerengero zikusonyeza kuti kuwonongeka kwa zigawo kumakhala ndi 40%, kutenthedwa kwambiri ndi 30%.

Konzani kusintha pang'ono kwa kutentha; sinthani ma PCB ngati kusintha kwakukulu. Kulamulira kutentha/nthawi kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kusintha ndi 60%.

Gwiritsani ntchito mabenchi ogwirira ntchito otetezeka ndi ESD, zingwe za dzanja, ndi ma tweezers; sungani chinyezi cha 40%-60% cha RH kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa ESD ndi 90%.

Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala magalasi/magolovesi oteteza kuti asapse; zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito pansi kuti asagwedezeke ndi magetsi; ayenera kuvala zizindikiro zochenjeza pazida zotentha kwambiri.

Zinyalala, solder, ndi flux ndi zinyalala zoopsa, zomwe zimafunika kutayidwa ndi mayunitsi oyenerera; madzi oyeretsera ayenera kukwaniritsa miyezo ya GB 8978 yotulutsira zinyalala.

Ma flux ambiri amatha kuyaka ndipo ayenera kusungidwa m'malo ozizira, opanda mpweya wokwanira kutali ndi malo ozimitsira moto; pewani kukhudzana ndi khungu/maso ndipo tsukani ndi madzi nthawi yomweyo ngati akuwonekera.

Tsukani nthawi zonse zotsalira za solder ndi kutuluka kwa zida; ikani chitetezo chotentha kwambiri kuti chizimitse chokha pamene malire a kutentha apitirira.

Ayenera kutsatira malangizo a RoHS, kuchepetsa zinthu zoopsa monga lead/mercury/cadmium, kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa madzi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zotsukira zosawononga chilengedwe.

Konzani bwino njira, gwiritsani ntchito zida zodzichitira zokha, ndikuphunzitsa ogwiritsa ntchito. Zipangizo zodzichitira zokha zitha kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi 30%-50%.

Chepetsani kukonzanso kwachiwiri chifukwa cha ntchito yosayenera, sankhani zida/zipangizo moyenera, ndikukonza njira kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa zolakwika zoyambira. Kusintha kwachiwiri kumawononga 25%-35% ya ndalama zonse.

Konzani bwino magawo a njira, sankhani flux/solder yoyenera, ndikulimbitsa kuyang'anira koyamba komanso kutengera zitsanzo mkati mwa njira. Kusintha kwa njira kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zolakwika ndi 40%-60%.

Kumawongolera kukhazikika kwa khalidwe, kuchepetsa zolakwa za anthu, kumathandiza kuphunzitsa antchito atsopano, komanso kumawonjezera magwiridwe antchito. Kukhazikitsa miyezo kungachepetse kusinthasintha kwa chiwopsezo cha zolakwika ndi 50%.

Chitani mayeso okalamba (maola 24-100) ndi mayeso okhudza chilengedwe (kutentha kwambiri/chinyezi/kugwedezeka) pazinthu zomwe zakonzedwanso kuti muwone kudalirika kwa nthawi yayitali.

Ndikofunikira kuganizira zofunikira pakukonzanso kwa zigawo zonse za SMT ndi THT. Mukachotsa zigawo za THT, muyenera kuganizira momwe zimakhudzira zida za SMT. Kuvuta pakukonzanso ndikokwera ndi 30%-50% kuposa kwa matabwa oyera a SMT.

Zipangizozo ndi zofewa komanso zosavuta kuzisintha, kotero zipangizo zapadera zimafunika kuti zikonzedwe; kutentha kwa kutentha kuyenera kukhala kotsika ndi 10-20℃ kuposa kwa PCB yolimba kuti isawononge gawo lapansi.

Dera lamkati ndi lovuta, ndipo kusamutsa kutentha sikofanana panthawi yotenthetsera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dera lamkati likhale lotseguka kapena lofupikitsidwa; kukonza ma pad kumakhala kovuta, ndipo kupambana kwa ntchito yokonzanso ndi 50%-60% yokha.

Chotsani choyamba chivundikiro cha chitetezo ndikuteteza zigawo zamkati. Chiyikeninso mutachikonzanso kuti muwonetsetse kuti chitetezocho chikugwira ntchito bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kudzakhudza kugwirizana kwa maginito ndi maginito.

Ili ndi kutentha kwabwino komanso kulimba kwambiri. Imafunika kutenthedwa mwachangu kuti isasweke chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika kwapafupi, ndipo kutentha kwake kumayendetsedwa bwino pa 5-10℃/s.

Ayenera kukhala ndi luso lodziwa bwino zinthu monga kuzindikira zigawo, ukadaulo wowotcherera, kugwiritsa ntchito zida, ndi kusanthula zolakwika, komanso kudziwa bwino miyezo monga IPC-A-61. Chiwopsezo cha zolakwika za ogwira ntchito ophunzitsidwa bwino ndi chotsika ndi 40% kuposa cha oyamba kumene.

Zimaphatikizapo maphunziro a chiphunzitso (chidziwitso cha njira, zofunikira) ndi maphunziro othandiza (kugwiritsa ntchito zida, machitidwe owotcherera), ndi kuwunika pambuyo pa maphunziro, ndipo nthawi zambiri nthawiyi imakhala milungu 1-2.

Zimaphatikizapo malangizo a njira yokonzanso zinthu, mabuku ogwiritsira ntchito zida, miyezo yowunikira ubwino, zolemba zokonzanso zinthu, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingathandize kutsata bwino komanso kusanthula mavuto moyenera.

Ikani malo ofunikira owongolera (monga kuchotsa zigawo, kuyeretsa ma pad, kuwotcherera, ndi zina zotero), ndipo chitani kuwunika koyamba, kuyang'anira malo ogwirira ntchito komanso kuwunika zinthu zomwe zatsirizidwa, zomwe zingachepetse chiwopsezo cha zolakwika ndi 30%-40%.

Sonkhanitsani deta yokonzanso kuti mufufuze mavuto, kuchita mayeso a njira kuti muwongolere magawo, ndikuyambitsa ukadaulo watsopano ndi zida, zomwe zitha kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi 10%-15% pachaka.

Sankhani malinga ndi mtundu woyambirira wa PCBA solder, perekani patsogolo zinthu zomwe zili ndi kapangidwe kofanana, ndipo ganizirani magwiridwe antchito monga malo osungunuka, kunyowa, ndi kudalirika.

Amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: madzi osungunuka, madzi osungunuka ndi rosin. Madzi osungunuka ndi oyenera nthawi zina pamene sali ndi ukhondo wokwanira, ndipo madzi osungunuka ndi osavuta kuyeretsa koma otsala ayenera kuonedwa.

Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zinthu zazing'ono kapena kupewa kusuntha panthawi yowotcherera, ndipo imafunika kukhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yolumikizira (≥5N/mm²) komanso kukana kutentha.

Sankhani malinga ndi mtundu wa flux (monga isopropyl alcohol ya rosin), ndipo ganizirani za kuteteza chilengedwe, dzimbiri ndi kusasinthasintha.

Ndikofunikira kuyang'ana chitsanzo, zofunikira, mawonekedwe, magwiridwe antchito amagetsi, ndi zina zotero kuti muwonetsetse kuti zinthuzo zikugwirizana ndi zoyambirira. Zipangizo zosalowa bwino zidzawonjezera kulephera kwa ntchito yokonzanso ndi 20%.

Tsukani zonyansa zomwe zili mkati mwa nozzle ya mpweya kuti mupewe kutsekeka, yang'anani momwe chubu chotenthetsera chilili ndikuyesa kutentha nthawi zonse, ndikudzola mafuta pazinthu zamakina. Kutsekeka kwa nozzle ya mpweya kudzawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zolakwika zowotcherera ndi pafupifupi 15%.

Kutentha kumayesedwa kamodzi pamwezi (cholakwika ≤±1℃), ndipo kutalika kwa mzere wa Z kumayesedwa kamodzi pa kotala (kulondola ≤±0.05mm). Chosayesedwa chingawonjezere kuchuluka kwa void yowotcherera ndi 20%.

Kusakwanira kuyamwa: sinthani mphete yotsekera kuti mugwiritse ntchito pompu yochotsera soldering ndi manja, yang'anani pampu ya vacuum kapena yeretsani chotseka cha pampu yochotsera soldering yamagetsi; simungathe kuchotsa soldering: yang'anani ngati nozzle yawonongeka kapena yatsekeka, sinthani ndikuyeretsa solder yotsala.

Kawirikawiri, imasinthidwa chaka chilichonse 1-2 malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Pambuyo pa kukalamba, kufanana kwa kutentha kumachepa, ndipo chiwopsezo cha kuswedwa chimawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi 12%.

Tsukani lenzi nthawi zonse ndi pepala lapadera la lenzi, pewani kugundana kuti mupewe kusuntha kwa zigawo za kuwala, ndipo muwongolere kutalika kwa focal chaka chilichonse kuti muwonetsetse kuti zithunzizo ndi zomveka bwino.

Choyamba gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala osungunula (monga acetone) kuti musungunule zinthu zozungulira, musinthe malinga ndi njira yachizolowezi mutachotsa, ndikuziyikanso mutatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito, poganizira momwe zinthuzo zimakhalira komanso momwe zimakhalira.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi kuchotsa zinthu zazikulu komanso zotentha kwambiri kuti zisakhudze zinthu zomwe zakonzedwa; kutsatira mfundo kuyambira zosavuta mpaka zovuta kuti muchepetse zoopsa.

Zipangizo zapadera (monga flip chip rework station) zimafunika, ndipo ukadaulo wotenthetsera pogwiritsa ntchito laser kapena ultrasound welding umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma parameter amatsimikiziridwa kudzera mu kuyesa koyambirira, ndipo chiwongola dzanja nthawi zambiri chimakhala 60%-70%.

Gwiritsani ntchito multimeter poyesa kupitiriza kwa zinthu kuti mupeze malo afupikitsa, ndikuwona ndikuthetsa mavuto monga kutsekereza zotsalira za solder, kusalingana kwa ma pin a zigawo, ndi kuwonongeka kwa PCB.

Onetsetsani ngati maziko ali bwino ndipo chivundikiro choteteza chayikidwa pamalo pake, onani ngati mzere wa chizindikiro wawonongeka panthawi yowotcherera, gwiritsani ntchito spectrum analyzer kuti mudziwe komwe kwachokera kusokoneza, ndikuchitapo kanthu monga kuteteza ndi kusefa.

Unikani deta yokonzanso pogwiritsa ntchito makina ophunzirira kuti mulosere zolakwika, gwiritsani ntchito kuzindikira maso kuti mupeze zokha zigawo zofooka, ndikusintha mwanzeru magawo a zida kuti muwongolere magwiridwe antchito ndi khalidwe.

Idzapanga njira yolumikizirana yolondola kwambiri komanso yogwira ntchito zambiri (monga kuphatikiza kuyang'anira X-ray, kubzala mipira yokha, kuwotcherera, ndi zina zotero), ndikukwaniritsa kulumikizana ndi dongosolo la MES kuti liwongolere kayendetsedwe kanzeru.

Limbikitsani zinthu zoyeretsera komanso zoteteza chilengedwe, pangani zida zosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, ndikufufuza ukadaulo wosawononga zinthu kuti muchepetse kuipitsa chilengedwe komanso kutaya zinthu.

Imatha kupanga zinthu zatsopano mwachangu kuti isinthe ndalama, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza kuwonongeka kwa PCB (monga mizere yosindikizira) kuti ikhale yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Kudziwa kuwongolera kwa digito ndi kuyang'anira kutali zida zokonzanso, kukonza njira kudzera mu kusanthula deta yayikulu, ndikukhazikitsa njira zotsatirira zinthu kuti ziwongolere kuwongolera kwabwino.