AOI, X-ray, ICT, FCT

AOI imayimira Automated Optical Inspection. Imagwiritsa ntchito makamera owonera kujambula zithunzi za PCB, kuziyerekeza ndi zithunzi wamba, ndipo imadzizindikira yokha zolakwika monga zigawo zomwe zikusowa, zigawo zolakwika, reverse polarity, offset, bridging, ndi zina zotero panthawi yoyika zigawo, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino komanso kuti zokolola zikuyenda bwino.

AOI imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya kujambula zithunzi. Imawunikira PCB ndi gwero la kuwala, kamera imatenga chithunzicho, kenako njira yogwiritsira ntchito zithunzi imachotsa zinthu zomwe zili mu chipangizocho. Zinthuzi zimayerekezeredwa ndi deta yokhazikika ya chithunzi kuti zitsimikizire ngati pali zolakwika zomwe zili mu chipangizocho.

Zinthu monga kulondola kwa kuzindikira (kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakulondola kwa malo a zigawo, mwachitsanzo, kulondola kuyenera kufika ±0.02mm pozindikira zigawo za 0201), liwiro la kuzindikira (logwirizana ndi kuzungulira kwa mzere wopanga), ntchito za mapulogalamu (zokhala ndi ma algorithms olemera ozindikira, mapulogalamu osavuta, ndi kusanthula deta), ndi kukula (kothandizira kuzindikira ma PCB amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kukhala ogwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zigawo) ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya magwero a kuwala ndi monga magwero oyera a kuwala, magwero ofiira a kuwala, magwero a buluu a kuwala, ndi magwero a kuwala kooneka ngati mphete. Magwero oyera a kuwala amapereka mawonekedwe onse ndipo ndi oyenera kuzindikirika. Magwero ofiira a kuwala ali ndi zotsatira zabwino zozindikirika pa zojambula zamkuwa ndi malo olumikizirana. Magwero a buluu a kuwala ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu ndi masks obiriwira a solder. Magwero a kuwala kooneka ngati mphete amatha kuchepetsa mithunzi ndipo ndi oyenera kuzindikirika kwa zigawo zovuta ndi ma PCB okhala ndi kusiyana kwa kutalika.

Ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti pamwamba pa PCB pali poyera popanda zinthu zodetsa monga fumbi ndi mafuta. Onetsetsani kuti malo a chizindikiro cha PCB ali omveka bwino komanso okwanira kuti chipangizo cha AOI chizindikire bwino ndikuyika pamalo ake. Pa ma PCB okhala ndi mbali ziwiri, siyanitsani bwino malo ozindikira kuti musazindikire molakwika.

Magawo ozindikira amaphatikizapo magawo opezera zithunzi (monga nthawi yowonekera, phindu, kusiyana), magawo a algorithm ozindikira (monga malire, kukhudzidwa kwa kuzindikira m'mphepete), ndi magawo a malo ozindikira (kutanthauza madera a zigawo zomwe ziyenera kudziwika ndi madera omwe sakudziwika). Kawirikawiri, malinga ndi kapangidwe ka PCB, mitundu ya zigawo, ndi njira zopangira, magawo amafunika kukonzedwa bwino kudzera mu debugging ndi trial detection kuti apeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zozindikira.

AOI imatha kuzindikira zolakwika monga zigawo zomwe zikusowa (zigawo zomwe sizinayikidwe), zigawo zolakwika (mitundu yolakwika ya zigawo), polarity yobwerera m'mbuyo (polarity - zigawo zomvera zomwe zili ndi polarity yobwerera m'mbuyo), component offset (malo opitilira kulekerera kololedwa), solder bridging (solder yolumikiza ma pads oyandikana), kuwonongeka kwa zigawo (kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe), manda a zigawo (kumapeto kwa gawo limodzi), ndi zina zotero.

AOI ikazindikira vuto, imadzilemba yokha malo a vutolo ndikulemba ndikutulutsa uthenga wa alamu. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kupatula PCB yolakwika malinga ndi alamu, kenako ndikutsimikiziranso kudzera mu kuyang'ana ndi maso kapena njira zina zodziwira. Kenako, konzani kapena kupukuta PCB malinga ndi mtundu wa vutolo.

Yesani nthawi zonse makamera ndi magwero a kuwala kwa chipangizo cha AOI kuti muwonetsetse kuti zithunzi zikupezeka molondola. Konzani magawo ozindikira ndikusintha ma algorithms a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zigawo ndi mapangidwe a PCB. Sinthani laibulale ya zigawo ndi deta yokhazikika yazithunzi munthawi yake kuti muzolowere zinthu ndi njira zatsopano. Perekani maphunziro aukadaulo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti akonze luso lawo loweruza - kukhazikitsa ndi kuweruza zolakwika.

Kukonza tsiku ndi tsiku kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa pamwamba pa chipangizocho, magalasi, ndi magwero a kuwala kuti fumbi lisakhudze mtundu wa chithunzi. Yang'anani nthawi zonse momwe zida zamagetsi zimagwirira ntchito (monga ma guide rails ndi ma lead screws), mafuta ndi kuwamangirira. Yang'anani maulumikizidwe amagetsi. Yang'anani nthawi zonse mayeso ogwira ntchito ndi ma calibration pa chipangizocho kuti muwonetsetse kuti chikugwira ntchito bwino.

Ubwino wake ndi liwiro lozindikira mwachangu, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira nthawi yeniyeni pa intaneti; mtengo wotsika; komanso kuthekera kozindikira mawonekedwe a zigawo ndi zolakwika pamwamba. Zoyipa zake ndi zakuti silingathe kuzindikira zolakwika za malo obisika olumikizirana (monga malo olumikizirana amkati a BGA ndi CSP), ndipo lili ndi kuthekera kochepa kozindikira zolakwika zazing'ono (monga malo ochepera 50μm). Kuyang'ana X - Ray kumatha kuzindikira zolakwika zamkati, koma ndi pang'onopang'ono komanso kokwera mtengo.

Ntchito zazikulu za pulogalamu ya AOI ndi monga kupeza ndi kukonza zithunzi, kukonza mapulogalamu owunikira (kutanthauzira malo owunikira, kukhazikitsa magawo owunikira, kusankha ma algorithm owunikira), kuzindikira zolakwika ndi kugawa, kuwonetsa ndi kulemba zotsatira zowunikira, kusanthula deta ndi ziwerengero (kupanga malipoti opindulitsa, ma chart ogawa zolakwika, ndi zina zotero), komanso kuyanjana kwa deta ndi zida zina zopangira (monga makina osankha ndi malo ndi malo ogwirira ntchito).

Zifukwa zake ndi monga kuyika kosamveka bwino kwa magawo ozindikira (monga malire okwera kwambiri kapena otsika kwambiri), kuzindikira kolakwika kwa chithunzi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwunikira kwa gawo kapena kusiyana kwa mitundu, kusokonezeka kwa madontho kapena zinthu zakunja pamwamba pa PCB, kuipitsidwa kwa lenzi ya chipangizo cha AOI kapena gwero la kuwala, komanso kusiyana pakati pa zithunzi zokhazikika mu laibulale ya gawo ndi zigawo zenizeni.

Sinthani - sinthani magawo ozindikira ndikukonza malire ndi kukhudzidwa kudzera mu kuyesa kuzindikira. Tsukani pamwamba pa PCB kuti muchotse madontho ndi zinthu zakunja. Tsukani kapena sinthani magalasi oipitsidwa ndi magwero a kuwala. Sinthani zithunzi zokhazikika mu laibulale ya zigawo kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikugwirizana ndi zigawo zenizeni. Gwiritsani ntchito ma algorithms angapo ozindikira kuti azigwirizana ndikuchepetsa zoletsa za algorithm imodzi.

Zipangizo zamakono za AOI nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kukula bwino. Malo owunikira ndi magawo amatha kusinthidwa kudzera mu mapulogalamu kuti agwirizane ndi ma PCB amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma PCB (monga ma board olimba, ma board osinthasintha, ma board olimba - osinthasintha), bola ngati ali mkati mwa luso lozindikira la chipangizocho, kuzindikira kogwira mtima kumatha kuchitika mwa kusintha njira zodziwira ndi magawo ofananira.

AOI nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pambuyo pa makina osankhidwa ndi malo komanso isanakonzedwenso, kuti izindikire zolakwika zoyika zigawo mwachangu ndikuletsa zinthu zolakwika kuti zisalowe mu ndondomeko yokonzanso soldering, zomwe zimachepetsa ndalama zokonzanso. Ikhozanso kuyikidwa pambuyo pa kukonzanso soldering kuti izindikire mtundu wa soldering, koma ngati mavuto apezeka panthawiyi, zovuta ndi mtengo wokonzanso zidzawonjezeka.

Mwa kusanthula deta yozindikira ya AOI, werengani kuchuluka kwa zochitika ndi kufalikira kwa zolakwika zosiyanasiyana kuti mudziwe maulalo ofooka munjira yopangira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati cholakwika cha mtundu wina wa chinthu chimachitika pafupipafupi, magawo oyika makina osankha - ndi - malo amatha kusinthidwa. Ngati pali zolakwika zambiri zolumikizira, njira yosindikizira solder paste kapena mbiri ya kutentha kwa soldering ikhoza kukonzedwa bwino.

Kuwunika kwa X-ray kumagwiritsa ntchito X-rays kuti ilowe mu PCB ndi zigawo zake. Kutengera ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a kuyamwa kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, X-rays, grayscale - zithunzi zosiyanasiyana zimapangidwa, motero kuzindikira zolakwika zamkati mwa malo a PCB, monga mabowo, kusungunula kozizira, komanso kusanyowa m'malo olumikizirana a zigawo monga BGA ndi CSP, komanso kapangidwe ka mkati kosazolowereka ka zigawo zake ndi zinthu zakunja, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo ndi zabwino komanso zodalirika.

X - ray imatha kulowa. Pamene X - ray imayambitsa kuwala kwa PCB, chifukwa cha mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zoyamwa za zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa PCB (monga mkuwa, solder, pulasitiki, ndi zina zotero) kupita ku X - ray, mphamvu ya X - ray ikadutsa mu PCB imasiyana. Chowunikira chimalandira X - ray ya mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndikuisintha kukhala zizindikiro zamagetsi, zomwe kenako zimakonzedwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala zithunzi zakuda. Kapangidwe ka mkati ndi momwe zinthu zilili zimatha kuweruzidwa pofufuza zithunzizo.

Zinthu monga kulondola kwa kuzindikira (ziyenera kusiyanitsa zolakwika zazing'ono, monga ma void a solder a micron-level), kukula (kukwaniritsa zofunikira zozindikira za zigawo za kukula kosiyanasiyana), liwiro lozindikira (logwirizana ndi kuzungulira kwa mzere wopanga), kutsimikiza kwa chithunzi (kutsimikiza kwakukulu kumathandiza kuwona bwino tsatanetsatane), kufalikira kwa zida (kuthandizira kuzindikira ma PCB a kukula kosiyanasiyana ndikugwirizana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zodziwira), ndi ntchito za mapulogalamu (zokhala ndi ntchito monga kusanthula zithunzi, kuzindikira zolakwika, ndi ziwerengero za deta) ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino ikuphatikizapo zipangizo zowunikira za 2D X - ray ndi zipangizo zowunikira za 3D X - ray (monga zipangizo zowunikira za CT). Zipangizo za 2D zili ndi kapangidwe kosavuta komanso mtengo wotsika, ndipo zimatha kuzindikira pamwamba ndi zolakwika zina zamkati za PCB. Zipangizo za 3D zimatha kupeza zithunzi zamitundu yambiri ndikupeza kujambula kwa 3D, komwe kumatha kuzindikira molondola zolakwika zamkati mwa zigawo zokhala ndi zomangamanga zovuta, koma mtengo wa zida ndi wokwera ndipo liwiro lozindikira ndi lochepa.

Kawirikawiri, sipafunika chithandizo chapadera, koma ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti pamwamba pa PCB ndi paukhondo popanda madontho oonekera bwino ndi zinthu zakunja; chotsani zophimba zitsulo ndi zowonjezera zina pa PCB zomwe zingakhudze kuwunika; pa ma PCB okhala ndi zigawo zambiri, ngati zigawo zina zimadziwika kuti sizikufunika kuwunika, zitha kuyikidwa mu pulogalamu yowunikira kuti ziwongolere magwiridwe antchito owunikira.

Magawo ozindikira amaphatikizapo mphamvu ya chubu ndi mphamvu ya chubu ya ma X - ray (yomwe imakhudza mphamvu ndi kufalikira kwa ma X - ray), nthawi yowonekera (yomwe imakhudza kuwala ndi kumveka bwino kwa chithunzi), kukula (kosinthidwa malinga ndi kukula kwa gawo ndi zofunikira zozindikira), ngodya yozindikira (ya zipangizo zowunikira za 3D, ma ngodya osiyanasiyana ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti azitha kusanthula), ndi zina zotero. Kawirikawiri, malinga ndi zinthu, makulidwe a PCB, ndi mitundu ya zigawo, magawo amafunika kukonzedwa bwino kudzera mu kukonza zolakwika ndi kuzindikira koyesera kuti apeze zithunzi zabwino kwambiri zowunikira.

X-ray imatha kuzindikira zolakwika zamkati mwa malo olumikizirana a zinthu zopakidwa monga BGA, CSP, ndi QFN, monga ma voids, kusungunula kozizira, kusanyowa, mipira yosungunula yomwe ikusowa, ndi mpira wosungunula womwe umakhalapo. Imathanso kuzindikira ming'alu ndi zinthu zakunja mkati mwa zigawo, komanso mavuto monga ma interlayer short circuits ndi ma open circuits mkati mwa PCB.

Pamene X-ray yazindikira zolakwika, lipoti lowunikira mwatsatanetsatane lidzapangidwa, lomwe lidzasonyeza malo a zolakwikazo, mtundu, ndi kuopsa kwake. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kupatula PCB yolakwika malinga ndi lipotilo. Pa zolakwika zomwe zingathe kukonzedwa (monga mavuto ena ogwirizana ndi solder), zitha kukonzedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito zida zokonzanso. Pa PCB zomwe zili ndi zolakwika zazikulu, zidzachotsedwa, ndipo zomwe zimayambitsa zolakwikazo zidzawunikidwa kuti ziwongolere njira yopangira.

Yesani nthawi zonse kukonza zida za X-ray kuti muwonetsetse kuti gwero la X-ray ndi chowunikira zikugwira ntchito bwino; konzani bwino magawo ozindikira ndikusintha magawo a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma PCB ndi zigawo zake; gwiritsani ntchito ma algorithms apamwamba owunikira zithunzi kuti muwongolere kuzindikira zolakwika; perekani maphunziro aukadaulo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti awonjezere luso lawo losanthula zithunzi ndi kuweruza zolakwika; kukhazikitsa njira zowunikira ndi zofunikira kuti muchepetse zolakwika za anthu.

Kukonza tsiku ndi tsiku kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa pamwamba pa chipangizocho kuti fumbi lisawononge kutentha; kuyang'ana nthawi zonse momwe chubu cha X-ray chikugwirira ntchito ndikuwunika magawo monga magetsi a chubu ndi mphamvu ya chubu; kuyang'ana kulimba ndi kukhazikika kwa chowunikira; kudzoza ndi kumangirira zida zotumizira zamagetsi za chipangizocho; kuchita mayeso ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse ndi kuyeza ma calibration pa chipangizocho kuti zitsimikizire zotsatira zolondola komanso zodalirika.

Ubwino wake ndi kuthekera kozindikira zolakwika zamkati mwa ma PCB ndi zigawo zake, ndipo ili ndi ubwino wapadera pakuwunika malo olumikizirana a solder a mapaketi monga BGA ndi CSP; imatha kupereka zambiri za kapangidwe ka 3D (kuyang'anira X-ray ya 3D). Zoyipa zake ndi liwiro lozindikira pang'onopang'ono, mtengo wake ndi wokwera; akatswiri odziwa ntchito amafunika kusanthula zithunzi ndikuwunika zolakwika; X-ray ndi yowopsa kwambiri, ndipo njira zodzitetezera zimafunika. Kuyang'anira AOI ndi kwachangu, kotsika mtengo, ndipo kumatha kuzindikira mawonekedwe ndi zolakwika za pamwamba pa zigawo zake, koma sikungathe kuzindikira zolakwika zamkati zobisika.

Ntchito zazikulu za pulogalamu yowunikira X-ray zikuphatikizapo kupeza ndi kukonza zithunzi (kusintha kuwala kwa chithunzi, kusiyanitsa, kusefa, ndi zina zotero), kuzindikira ndi kulemba zolakwika (kuzindikira zolakwika zokha kapena pamanja ndikulemba malo ndi mitundu yawo), kukonzanso zithunzi za 3D (za zipangizo za 3D X-ray), kupanga malipoti a zotsatira zowunikira (zolemba mwatsatanetsatane za chidziwitso cha zolakwika, magawo ozindikira, ndi zina zotero), kusanthula deta ndi ziwerengero (kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zolakwika ndi kusanthula mavuto a njira zopangira), ndi kuyanjana kwa deta ndi machitidwe ena opangira.

Zifukwa zake ndi monga kuyika kosayenerera kwa magawo ozindikira (monga magetsi osayenerera a chubu ndi nthawi yowonekera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chithunzi chikhale choyipa), zolepheretsa ma algorithms owunikira zithunzi (kulephera kuzindikira molondola zolakwika zovuta), kusowa chidziwitso cha wogwiritsa ntchito (kuweruza molakwika zithunzi), zipangizo zapadera ndi kapangidwe ka ma PCB kapena zigawo zake (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chithunzicho chikhale choyera), komanso mavuto ndi kulondola ndi kukhazikika kwa chipangizocho.

Sinthani - sinthani magawo ozindikira kuti chithunzi chikhale bwino; sinthani kapena sinthani ma algorithms owunikira zithunzi kuti muwongolere luso lozindikira zolakwika; limbitsani maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito kuti akonze luso lawo laukadaulo; khazikitsani laibulale ya zitsanzo za zolakwika kuti muwunikenso zithunzi zovuta; sungani ndikuwongolera zida nthawi zonse kuti muwonetsetse kuti zida zikugwira ntchito bwino.

Zipangizo zamakono za X-ray nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kusintha ndi kugwirizana kwina. Kudzera mu makonda a mapulogalamu ndi kusintha kwa zida (monga kusintha magalasi okhala ndi kutalika kosiyana kwa focal ndikusintha kukula kwa nsanja yowunikira), zimatha kusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi kuwunika kwa ma PCB amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma PCB (monga matabwa olimba, matabwa osinthasintha, matabwa olimba osinthasintha) ndi zigawo zake, bola ngati zili mkati mwa kuthekera kozindikira kwa chipangizocho, kuzindikira kogwira mtima kumatha kuchitika mwa kusintha magawo ndi njira zowunikira zomwe zikugwirizana. Komabe, pa ma PCB okhala ndi mapangidwe apadera kapena ma PCB owonda kwambiri komanso okhuthala, zida zokonzedwa mwapadera zingafunike.

Kawirikawiri imayikidwa pambuyo pothira soldering kuti iyang'ane PCB pambuyo pothira soldering ndikupeza zolakwika zamkati monga malo olumikizira solder. Imathanso kukhazikitsa malo osiyana owunikira X-ray pambuyo pa njira zazikulu (monga pambuyo poyika gawo la BGA) kuti ichite kuwunika kwapadera pa zigawo zazikulu kuti zitsimikizire mtundu wa chinthucho, koma izi zidzawonjezera zovuta ndi mtengo wa mzere wopanga.

Mwa kusanthula deta yowunikira ya X-ray, werengani kuchuluka kwa kufalikira ndi kuchitika kwa zolakwika zosiyanasiyana kuti mudziwe maulalo ofooka mu njira yopangira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuchuluka kwa void kwa ma solder joints a BGA mu gulu lina la ma PCB kwapezeka kuti kuli kokwera, kuchuluka kwa solder paste yosindikizira, kutentha kwa soldering, kapena kuthamanga kwa malo a component kungasinthidwe. Ngati zinthu zakunja mkati mwa zigawo zimachitika pafupipafupi, mtundu wa zigawo zomwe zikubwera komanso ukhondo wa malo opangira zitha kufufuzidwa, ndipo njirayo ikhoza kukonzedwa bwino ndipo kuwongolera kumatha kukulitsidwa moyenerera.

Mzere wa ICT, womwe ndi mzere wa In-Circuit Test, ndi chipangizo chomwe chimachita mayeso amagetsi pa ma PCB okhala ndi zigawo zomangiriridwa ndi zosokedwa. Chimalumikizana ndi malo oyesera pa PCB kudzera m'ma probe, kuzindikira ma circuit otseguka, ma short circuit, komanso ngati magawo a zigawo (monga kukana, capacitance, ndi inductance values) akukwaniritsa zofunikira pa kapangidwe, komanso khalidwe la soldering la zigawo. Chimatha kupeza mwachangu zigawo zolakwika ndi malo osokedwa omwe ali ndi vuto, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu za PCB zili bwino komanso kukonza bwino kupanga ndi kukolola.

Mfundo yoyesera ya ICT imachokera pa kusanthula kwa netiweki ya dera. Zipangizo zoyesera zimayika zizindikiro zoyambitsa (monga mphamvu yamagetsi ndi magetsi) pamalo oyesera pa PCB kudzera mu ma probe, kenako zimayesa zizindikiro zoyankhira za dera. Malinga ndi pulogalamu yoyesera yokhazikitsidwa kale ndi magawo wamba, mitengo yeniyeni yoyezedwa imayerekezeredwa ndi mitengo ya chiphunzitso kuti idziwe ngati pali mavuto monga ma circuits otseguka, ma circuits afupiafupi, ndi kupotoka kwa magawo a gawo mu dera. Mwachitsanzo, pa gawo loletsa, magetsi odziwika amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mphamvu yoyenda imayesedwa, ndipo mtengo wotsutsa umawerengedwa ndikuyerekezeredwa ndi mtengo wodziwika.

Posankha, zinthu monga kulondola kwa mayeso (kutha kuyeza molondola magawo a zigawo, monga kulondola kwa muyeso wa kukana kwa ±1%), liwiro loyesa (kukwaniritsa zofunikira za mzere wopanga), kuchuluka kwa mfundo zomwe zingayesedwe (zoyenera kuchuluka kwa mfundo zoyesera pa PCB), ntchito za mapulogalamu (zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ojambula, ntchito yodziwira matenda yokha, kuthekera kosanthula deta), kuyanjana kwa zida (kuthandizira kuyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma PCB ndi ma phukusi osiyanasiyana a zigawo), nthawi yogwirira ntchito ya probe, ndi ndalama zosamalira ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Kuphatikiza apo, chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwanso ku luso laukadaulo ndi luso la ntchito yogulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa kwa wogulitsa zida.

Zipangizo zodziwika bwino za ICT zimaphatikizapo bedi - la - misomali ICT ndi flying - probe ICT. Bed - la - misomali ICT imalumikizana ndi malo oyesera a PCB kudzera mu bedi lokhazikika la misomali, ndipo imatha kuyesa malo angapo nthawi imodzi, ndi liwiro loyesera mwachangu, loyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri. Komabe, mtengo wopangira bedi - la - misomali ndi wokwera, ndipo bedi - la - misomali iyenera kusinthidwa pa ma PCB osiyanasiyana. Flying - probe ICT imagwiritsa ntchito ma probe osunthika kuyesa malo amodzi ndi amodzi, popanda kufunika kopanga bedi - la - misomali, yokhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu, yoyenera kupanga zinthu zazing'ono komanso zosiyanasiyana, koma liwiro loyesera ndi lochepa.

Ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti pamwamba pa PCB pali poyera popanda zinthu zodetsa monga zinyalala zosungunula, mikanda ya tin, ndi madontho a mafuta kuti musakhudze kukhudzana kwabwino pakati pa ma probe ndi malo oyesera. Onetsetsani ngati malo oyesera pa PCB ndi okwanira komanso opanda okosijeni. Ngati kuli kofunikira, yeretsani kapena sungani pansi malo oyesera. Chotsani zophimba zitsulo ndi zowonjezera zina pa PCB zomwe zingasokoneze mayeso. Pa ma PCB okhala ndi mbali ziwiri, siyanitsani bwino malo oyesera.

Magawo oyesera akuphatikizapo mtundu (voltage, current), kukula, ndi pafupipafupi kwa chizindikiro chotsitsimutsa; kuchuluka kwa muyeso (monga kuchuluka kwa muyeso wa kukana kwa 0.1Ω - 10MΩ); nthawi yoyesera (nthawi yoyesera ya malo aliwonse oyesera); malo okhazikika (monga kuchuluka kololedwa kwa kukana kwa ±5%), ndi zina zotero. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka dera la PCB, kufotokozera kwa gawo, ndi zofunikira pa mayeso, magawo ayenera kukhazikitsidwa moyenera kudzera mu debugging ndi kuyesa mayeso kuti atsimikizire kulondola ndi kudalirika kwa mayesowo.

ICT imatha kuzindikira ma circuit otseguka (dera silinalumikizidwe), ma short circuit (conduction yosayembekezereka pakati pa mizere yosiyanasiyana), kukhazikitsa kolakwika kwa gawo (monga kukhazikitsa resistor ngati capacitor), magawo olakwika a gawo (ma values ​​a resistors, capacitors, ndi inductors sakugwirizana ndi ma values ​​odziwika), reverse component polarity (ma electrolyte components monga ma diode ndi ma electrolytic capacitors amayikidwa kumbuyo), cold soldering (ma solder joints amawoneka kuti alumikizidwa koma ali ndi magwiridwe antchito osagwira ntchito bwino amagetsi), ndi zina zotero.

ICT ikazindikira zolakwika, imawonetsa malo a zolakwika, mtundu, ndi zambiri mwatsatanetsatane pa pulogalamu yoyesera. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuchotsa PCB yolakwika pamzere wopanga malinga ndi malangizo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida monga multimeters ndi oscilloscopes kuti atsimikizire mavutowo. Pa zolakwika zomwe zingatheke kukonzedwa (monga kusungunula kozizira ndi kukhazikitsa kolakwika kwa zigawo), akonzeni ndi zida zosinthira. Pa PCB zomwe zili ndi zolakwika zazikulu zomwe sizingatheke kukonzedwa, zichotseni, lembani deta ya zolakwika, ndikusanthula zomwe zimayambitsa kuti muwongolere njira zopangira.

Yesani nthawi zonse zida za ICT kuti muwonetsetse kuti chizindikiro choyambitsa ndi njira yoyezera ndi yolondola. Sungani ma probe oyera komanso abwino, ndipo sinthani ma probe osweka kapena owonongeka munthawi yake. Konzani pulogalamu yoyesera ndikukhazikitsa molondola magawo oyesera. Perekani maphunziro aukadaulo kwa ogwira ntchito kuti akonze luso lawo lolakwitsa - kuweruza ndi kusamalira. Khazikitsani njira zoyesera ndi zofunikira kuti muchepetse zolakwika za anthu.

Kukonza tsiku ndi tsiku kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa pamwamba pa chipangizo ndi ma probe kuti fumbi ndi zotsalira za solder zisakhudze mayeso. Yang'anani nthawi zonse kuthamanga kwa probe kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikugwirizana bwino ndi malo oyesera. Yang'anirani momwe magetsi amagwirira ntchito pazida, monga kukhazikika kwa chizindikiro choyambitsa. Pa ICT ya misomali ya bed-of-, yang'anani momwe misomali ya bed-of- ikukhazikitsidwira komanso momwe mapini amayendera. Yang'anirani mapulogalamu oyesera ndi deta nthawi zonse kuti mupewe kutayika. Chitani ma calibration nthawi zonse ndi kukonza akatswiri malinga ndi zofunikira za wopanga zida.

Ubwino wake ndi kuthekera kozindikira mwachindunji momwe magetsi amagwirira ntchito, kuweruza molondola magawo a zigawo ndi mtundu wa soldering, ndikupeza bwino malo olakwika; ili ndi zotsatira zabwino zozindikira mavuto monga ma circuits otseguka ndi ma circuits afupi. Zoyipa zake ndikufunika kokhazikitsa malo oyesera pa PCB, kuonjezera ndalama zopangira ndi kupanga PCB; imatha kuzindikira madera omwe angafikidwe ndi malo oyesera, ndi malo osawoneka bwino; chitukuko cha pulogalamu yoyesera ndi chovuta, ndipo kukonzanso mapulogalamu kumafunika pa ma PCB osiyanasiyana. AOI imazindikira makamaka mawonekedwe ndi zolakwika pamwamba pa zigawo, ndi liwiro lozindikira mwachangu komanso mtengo wotsika. Kuyang'ana X-ray kumatha kuzindikira zolakwika zobisika zamkati za ma PCB ndi zigawo, koma ili ndi liwiro lozindikira pang'onopang'ono komanso mtengo wokwera.

Ntchito zazikulu za pulogalamu yoyesera ya ICT zikuphatikizapo kupanga mapulogalamu a mayeso (kutanthauzira malo oyesera, kukhazikitsa magawo a mayeso, kulemba mfundo zoyesera), kuchita mayeso ndi kuwongolera (kuyamba, kuyimitsa, kuyimitsa mayeso), kuzindikira zolakwika ndi alamu (kuweruza zotsatira za mayeso, kulemba zolakwika, ndikupereka ma alamu), kuwonetsa ndi kujambula zotsatira za mayeso (kupereka deta ya mayeso mu mawonekedwe a machati ndi malipoti), kusanthula deta ndi ziwerengero (kuwerengera mitundu ya zolakwika ndi kuchuluka kwa zochitika, kusanthula mavuto a njira zopangira), ndi kuyanjana kwa deta ndi machitidwe ena opangira (monga dongosolo la MES).

Zifukwa zake ndi monga kapangidwe kosamveka bwino ka malo oyesera (monga mtunda wochepa kwambiri pakati pa malo oyesera ndi malo osayenera), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukhudzana kolakwika kwa probe kapena kusokonezana; kukhazikitsidwa kolakwika kwa magawo oyesera (monga kucheperako kapena kukulirapo kwa malire); kuwonongeka kwa probe, okosijeni, kapena kuipitsidwa, zomwe zimakhudza kutumiza kwa zizindikiro zoyesera; malo osagwirizana a PCB, zomwe zimayambitsa kuthamanga kwa probe kosagwirizana; zolakwika zomveka mu pulogalamu yoyesera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma circuits abwinobwino asagwire bwino ntchito; magwiridwe antchito amagetsi osakhazikika a zida zokha, ndi zina zotero.

Konzani bwino kapangidwe ka malo oyesera kuti muwonetsetse kuti malo oyesera ali bwino, malo oyenera, komanso malo abwino. Sinthani ndikusintha magawo oyesera, ndikuwona mulingo woyenera kudzera mu mayeso angapo oyesera. Tsukani nthawi zonse, sungani, ndikuyika m'malo ma probe. Chitani ma PCB osafanana kapena gwiritsani ntchito ma probe osinthika. Yang'anani mosamala ndikukonza zolakwika zomveka mu pulogalamu yoyesera. Sungani ndikuwongolera zida nthawi zonse kuti muwonetsetse kuti zida zikugwira ntchito bwino.

Zipangizo za ICT nthawi zambiri zimafunika kusintha misomali ya bedi ya ma PCB amitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi kusinthasintha kochepa, koma zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri popanga ma PCB amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zipangizo za ICT zowuluka zimayendetsa kayendetsedwe ka ma probe kudzera mu mapulogalamu popanda kufunikira kusintha zida, ndipo zimatha kusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi kuyesa ma PCB amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pulogalamu yoyesera ndi magawo okha ndi omwe ayenera kusinthidwa. Komabe, pa ma PCB akuluakulu kwambiri kapena ma PCB omwe ali ndi malo ambiri oyesera, mphamvu yoyesera ikhoza kukhala yochepa.

Kuyesa kwa ICT nthawi zambiri kumayikidwa pambuyo pa njira yosinthira magetsi komanso mayeso asanayambe kugwira ntchito, kuti azindikire nthawi yake mavuto amagetsi omwe amabwera panthawi yogwirizanitsa magetsi ndi njira zoyika zinthu, kuletsa zinthu zolakwika kuti zisalowe m'njira zina, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Kumapeto kwa njira yopangira, kumathanso kukhazikitsa malo osiyana oyesera ICT pambuyo poyika zinthu zofunika kuti azichita kuwunika pasadakhale magawo ofunikira amagetsi.

Mwa kusanthula deta yoyesera ya ICT, werengani kuchuluka kwa kufalikira ndi kuchitika kwa zolakwika zosiyanasiyana kuti mudziwe maulalo ofooka munjira yopangira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuchuluka kwa zolakwika za mtundu wina wa magawo azinthu kuli kokwera, mtundu wa zigawo zomwe zikubwera, kulondola kwa malo, kapena njira yosokera zitha kuwonedwa. Ngati mavuto a dera lotseguka kapena dera lalifupi amapezeka pafupipafupi, kapangidwe ka PCB katha kukonzedwa bwino (monga kusintha mawaya ndi kuwonjezera malo oyesera), magawo a soldering amatha kukonzedwa, kapena miyeso yotsutsana ndi static panthawi yopanga ikhoza kukulitsidwa.

Mzere wa FCT, womwe ndi mzere wa Functional Circuit Test, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira ntchito za ma PCB kapena zinthu zosonkhanitsidwa pambuyo poyika zigawo ndi kusungunula. Umatsanzira malo enieni ogwirira ntchito a chinthucho, umalowetsa zizindikiro zokopa, ndikuwona ngati zizindikiro zotulutsa ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za chinthucho zikukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupanga. Umatha kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe zingakhalepo ndi zovuta pakugwira ntchito, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chinthucho chingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino. Ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakutsimikizira umphumphu wa chinthucho komanso kudalirika kwake.

Mfundo yoyesera ya FCT imachokera pa makhalidwe a ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka chinthucho. Zipangizo zoyesera zimagwiritsa ntchito mikhalidwe yeniyeni yosangalatsira, monga magetsi ndi kulowetsa chizindikiro, ku PCB kapena chinthu choyesedwa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, zimasonkhanitsa zizindikiro zotulutsa za chinthucho. Zizindikiro zotulutsa izi zimayerekezeredwa ndikusanthulidwa ndi deta yolondola yotulutsa, ma waveforms, logical states, ndi zina zotero. Ngati zotsatira za chinthucho sizikugwirizana ndi miyezo, zimatsimikiziridwa kuti pali zolakwika za ntchito, potero kupeza malo olakwika a chinthucho.

Posankha, zinthu monga kukwanira kwa ntchito zoyesera (kaya zingakwaniritse zofunikira zonse zoyesera za chinthucho), kulondola kwa kuyesa (kulondola poyesa zizindikiro za analog ndi digito), liwiro loyesera (kufanana ndi kuzungulira kwa mzere wopanga), kuyanjana (kuthandizira kuyesa zinthu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zofunikira), ntchito za mapulogalamu (ndi ntchito monga kusintha pulogalamu yoyesera, kujambula ndi kusanthula deta, ndi zoyambitsa matenda olakwika), kukula kwa zida (kuthekera kowonjezera ma module oyesera malinga ndi kukweza kwazinthu), komanso mtengo wa zida ndi ntchito yogulitsa pambuyo pake ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

Zipangizo zodziwika bwino za FCT zimaphatikizapo zida zapadera za FCT zochokera ku zida zogwirira ntchito ndi zida zonse za FCT zochokera ku zida. Zipangizo zapadera za FCT zimapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zinazake, zomwe zimakhala ndi mayeso amphamvu komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, koma kusinthasintha kochepa. Zipangizozo ziyenera kukonzedwanso pamene chinthucho chasinthidwa. Zipangizo zonse za FCT zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zoyesera zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito (monga ma multimeter, ma signal generator, ma oscilloscope, ndi zina zotero) ndipo zimakwaniritsa kuyesa kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kudzera mu mapulogalamu a mapulogalamu. Zili ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito, koma kupanga mapulogalamu oyesera ndi kovuta, ndipo mtengo woyamba wa zida ndi wokwera.

Ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti PCB ilibe kuwonongeka kwakunja, mtundu wabwino wa soldering, komanso palibe zolakwika zoonekeratu monga soldering yozizira ndi ma short circuits. Chitani kuyeretsa kofunikira pa PCB kuti muchotse madzi otsala, fumbi, ndi zinyalala zina pamwamba. Onetsetsani ngati zolumikizira, ma interfaces, ndi zina zotero pa PCB zayikidwa bwino komanso popanda kuwonongeka. Malinga ndi zofunikira pa mayeso, chitani ma configurations ofunikira pa PCB (monga kuyatsa pulogalamu, kukhazikitsa jumper, ndi zina zotero).

Magawo oyesera akuphatikizapo mtundu (chizindikiro cha analog, chizindikiro cha digito), kukula, mafupipafupi, ndi kayendedwe ka ntchito ya chizindikiro cholowera; nthawi yoyesera; miyezo yoweruza ya zizindikiro zotulutsa (monga kuchuluka kwa magetsi, mulingo wa logic, mawonekedwe a mafunde); mndandanda ndi mikhalidwe ya njira zoyesera, ndi zina zotero. Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito komanso zofunikira zenizeni zogwirira ntchito, kuphatikiza ndi magwiridwe antchito a zida zoyesera, magawo ayenera kukhazikitsidwa moyenera kudzera mu kukonza zolakwika ndi kutsimikizira kuti zitsimikizire kuti mayesowo ndi ogwira ntchito komanso olondola.

FCT imatha kuzindikira zolakwika pa ntchito ya logical (monga logic control ya ma chips), kufalikira kwa chizindikiro kosazolowereka (kuchepa kwa chizindikiro, kusokoneza, kusokoneza), kulephera kwa ntchito ya interface (USB, network interface, ndi zina zotero zomwe sizingathe kulankhulana bwino), mavuto oyang'anira mphamvu (kutuluka kwa magetsi kosakhazikika, chitetezo chosazolowereka cha over-current), zolakwika pa ntchito ya mapulogalamu (zolakwika pa ntchito ya pulogalamu, nthawi yoyankha), ndi zina zotero. Zolakwika izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha malo olakwika a component, soldering yosakwanira, kuwonongeka kwa component, kapena mavuto a kapangidwe.

FCT ikazindikira zolakwika, zida zoyesera zimalemba zambiri za zolakwikazo ndikupereka chidziwitso cha alamu. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kulemba zinthu zolakwikazo malinga ndi malangizowo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zaukadaulo (monga oscilloscopes ndi logic analyzers) kuti apitirize kufufuza zomwe zayambitsa kulephera. Pamavuto omwe angathe kukonzedwa (monga zolakwika za pulogalamu ndi kusungunula kozizira kwa zigawo), akonzeni ndikuyesanso. Pazinthu zomwe sizingakonzedwe, zigwireni malinga ndi njira yochotsera, ndikutumiza deta ya zolakwikazo ku dipatimenti yopanga ndi R & D kuti muwongolere njirayo ndikukonza kapangidwe kake.

Yesani nthawi zonse zida zoyesera kuti muwonetsetse kuti zizindikiro zolowera ndi zotuluka zili zolondola. Konzani pulogalamu yoyesera ndikukhazikitsa molondola magawo oyesera ndi njira zoweruzira. Gwiritsani ntchito njira ndi njira zingapo zoyesera (monga kuyesa mkhalidwe wa malire ndi kuyesa malire) kuti muzindikire bwino ntchito za malonda. Perekani maphunziro aukadaulo kwa ogwira ntchito kuti akonze luso lawo lofufuza zolakwika ndi kuweruza. Khazikitsani njira yonse yojambulira ndi kusanthula deta yoyesera, ndikupeza mavuto omwe angakhalepo kudzera mukuyerekeza deta yakale.

Kukonza tsiku ndi tsiku kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa pamwamba pa zida ndi zida zoyesera kuti fumbi ndi zinyalala zisakhudze mayeso. Yang'anani nthawi zonse momwe gawo lililonse la zidazo limagwirira ntchito (monga gawo lamagetsi ndi gawo lopangira zizindikiro) ndikuyang'anira zizindikiro zazikulu zogwirira ntchito. Yang'anani ndikuwongolera zida zoyesera kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikugwirizana bwino. Sinthani pulogalamu yoyesera munthawi yake kuti mukonze zolakwika ndikuwonjezera ntchito zatsopano. Chitani ma calibrations athunthu nthawi zonse komanso kukonza mozama malinga ndi zofunikira za wopanga zidazo.

Ubwino wake ndi wakuti imatha kuzindikira mavuto kuchokera pamlingo weniweni wa ntchito ya chinthucho, chomwe chili pafupi ndi momwe wogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsira ntchito, ndipo imatha kuzindikira zolakwika zomveka komanso zogwira ntchito zomwe sizingadziwike ndi mayeso ena. Zoyipa zake ndi mitengo yokwera yoyesera (mitengo ya zida ndi zomangira), kupanga pulogalamu yovuta yoyesera, komanso liwiro loyesa pang'onopang'ono. AOI imazindikira makamaka zolakwika zooneka ndi pamwamba, ndi liwiro lachangu komanso mtengo wotsika. Kuyang'ana kwa X-ray kumatha kuzindikira zolakwika zobisika zamkati. ICT imayang'ana kwambiri kuzindikira magawo amagetsi a ma circuits ndipo imatha kupeza molondola zigawo zolakwika, koma palibe atatu omwe angatsimikizire mwachindunji ntchito za chinthucho.

Ntchito zazikulu za pulogalamu yoyesera ya FCT ndi monga kulemba ndi kusintha pulogalamu yoyesera (kufotokozera njira yoyesera, kukhazikitsa magawo, kulemba mawu oweruza mwanzeru), kuwongolera kuchita mayeso (kuyamba, kuyimitsa, kuyimitsa mayeso), kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kuwonetsa nthawi yeniyeni (kuwonetsa mafunde ndi ma values ​​a chizindikiro cholowera ndi chotuluka), kuzindikira zolakwika zokha ndi alamu (kulemba zolakwika ndi kuyambitsa molingana ndi njira zoweruzira), kujambula zotsatira za mayeso ndikupanga malipoti (kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa kupambana, kulemba zambiri za zolakwika), kusanthula deta ndi kutsata (kusanthula momwe deta yoyesera ikuyendera, kutsatira mbiri ya mayeso azinthu).

Zifukwa zake ndi monga kuyika kosamveka bwino kwa magawo oyesera (kuchuluka kwambiri kapena kucheperako), zolakwika zomveka mu pulogalamu yoyesera (mikhalidwe yolondola yoweruza), kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a zida zoyesera zokha (kutulutsa kwa chizindikiro chosakhazikika), kukhudzana kosayenera kwa chipangizo choyesera (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chizindikirocho chifalikire molakwika), kusokoneza chilengedwe (kusokoneza kwa maginito kumakhudza kusonkhanitsa kwa chizindikiro), ndi mavuto ogwirizana pakupanga zinthu (kugwira ntchito molakwika m'malo oyesera).

Onaninso ndikusintha magawo a mayeso, ndikukonza malire kudzera mu mayeso angapo. Yang'anani mosamala ndikukonza mfundo za pulogalamu yoyesera ndikuchita kutsimikizira kokwanira kwa mayeso. Sungani ndikukonza zida zoyesera nthawi zonse kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino. Yang'anani ndikukonza momwe chipangizo choyesera chikugwirira ntchito, ndikuyikanso chipangizocho ngati pakufunika kutero. Chitani kapena konzani malo oyesera kuti muchepetse kusokoneza. Lankhulani ndi dipatimenti ya Kafukufuku ndi Kupita Patsogolo kuti mutsimikizire kuti kapangidwe ka chinthucho kakugwirizana ndi malo oyesera ndikuthetsa mavuto omwe angakhalepo.

Zipangizo zapadera za FCT zochokera ku zipangizo nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zinthu zinazake ndipo sizisinthasintha bwino ndi ma PCB amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zipangizozo ziyenera kukonzedwanso. Zipangizo zonse za FCT zochokera ku zipangizo zimatha kusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi kuyesa ma PCB amitundu yosiyanasiyana kudzera mu mapulogalamu a pulogalamu ndikusintha malo oyenera oyesera, koma pazinthu zomwe zili ndi ntchito zapadera kapena kapangidwe kake, ma module ena oyesera angafunikebe kusinthidwa.

Kuyesa kwa FCT nthawi zambiri kumayikidwa kumapeto kwa mzere wopanga, kutanthauza kuti, pambuyo poti njira monga kuyesa kwa ICT ndi kuwunika mawonekedwe zamalizidwa, kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthu zomwe zidawunikidwa ndi njira zam'mbuyomu zatsimikiziridwa kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino momwe zilili pafupi ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso kuti zinthu zosayenerera zisapite kwa kasitomala. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a malonda, kuyesa kwa FCT kokhazikika kumatha kukhazikitsidwanso pambuyo posonkhanitsa ma module ofunikira kuti azindikire mavuto nthawi yake ndikuchepetsa kutayika kwa njira zotsatirazi.

Kudzera mu kusanthula kwa ziwerengero za deta yoyesera ya FCT, njira zogawa ndi malo ovuta kwambiri a zolakwika zogwirira ntchito zazinthu zitha kupezeka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mtundu wina wa zolakwika zogwirira ntchito zimachitika pafupipafupi, njira zogwirira ntchito zofananira (monga kuyika kwa zigawo, kusoka, kuyatsa mapulogalamu) zitha kufufuzidwa bwino. Unikani mgwirizano pakati pa zolakwika ndi zinthu monga magulu azinthu zopangira, zida zopangira, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, ndikuwongolera magawo a njira, kulimbitsa kuwongolera kwabwino, ndikukonza kapangidwe kazinthu moyenera, potero kukweza mtundu wonse wazinthu ndi magwiridwe antchito opangira.