PCB yophatikizidwa

PCB yolumikizidwa ndi bolodi lamagetsi lomwe lili ndi zida zamagetsi (monga ma chips, resistors, ndi ma capacitor) zomwe zimayikidwa mwachindunji mkati mwake, zomwe zimachepetsa kukula ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito.

Ma PCB ophatikizidwa amatha kubisa zinthu zina kuti achepetse kufalikira kwa malo ndikufupikitsa njira za zizindikiro; zinthu zomwe zili pa ma PCB wamba nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamwamba.

Yoyenera zochitika zomwe zimafunikira kukula ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, monga mafoni a m'manja, zida zovalidwa, ma rada a magalimoto, ndi zida zoyendera ndege.

Kusanthula zofunikira → kapangidwe ka dongosolo → kukonzekera kapangidwe kake (kuphatikiza zigawo zoyikidwa) → kapangidwe ka njira (kuyang'ana kwambiri kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro) → kuyang'ana malamulo a kapangidwe → kutulutsa mafayilo a bolodi.

Ganizirani za dielectric constant, loss factor, ndi thermal expansion coefficient. Pakugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency apamwamba, sankhani zipangizo zomwe zimakhala ndi dielectric yochepa komanso yotsika; kuti kutentha kukhale kolimba, sankhani zipangizo zomwe zimakhala ndi ma thermal expansion coefficient ochepa.

Kuyika zigawo pogwiritsa ntchito ma module ogwira ntchito kuti mufupikitse njira za zizindikiro; kufalitsa zigawo zopangira kutentha kuti zichotse kutentha; ikani zigawo zomvera kutali ndi magwero a phokoso; ganizirani momwe ntchitoyo ingatheke.

Zotsutsa zimapangidwa powonjezera zinthu zotsutsa ku gawo la dielectric; ma capacitor amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba za dielectric zokutidwa ndi zojambula zamkuwa kapena substrates; ma inductor amapangidwa kudzera mu ma spiral coils pakati pa zigawo.

Onetsetsani kuti magetsi alumikizidwa bwino, ganizirani momwe kutentha kumatayikira, momwe kumayesedwera, komanso momwe kumasungidwira, ndipo tsatirani malangizo a opanga ma chip.

Konzani magawo amagetsi ndi nthaka malinga ndi momwe magetsi amagwiritsidwira ntchito, onetsetsani kuti magetsi ali bwino, chepetsani kukana kwamkati ndi kutsika kwa magetsi, ndipo perekani magetsi okhazikika.

Yang'anirani kutalika kwa trace, ikani m'lifupi mwa trace ndi mtunda moyenera kuti muchepetse kulankhulana, gwirizanitsani kulepheretsa kwa zizindikiro za liwiro lapamwamba, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya parasitic parameters kudzera mu izi.

Kutengera ndi zipangizo ndi kapangidwe ka njira, imatha kufika pa Gbps zingapo kapena kupitirira apo ndi kapangidwe koyenera, monga kupitirira 10 Gbps mu zipangizo zamakono zolumikizirana.

Gwiritsani ntchito ma formula monga ma microstrip line formula (Z0 = (87/√(εr+1.41))×ln(5.98H/(0.8W+T))) kapena ma stripline formula, kapena gwiritsani ntchito mapulogalamu opanga ma calculator.

Zimakhudzidwa ndi kutayika kwa zinthu (kutayika kwa dielectric/conductor), kutalika kwa trace, kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro, kuchuluka kwa ma vias, ndi kusalingana kwa impedance.

Siyanitsani mapangidwe a ma analog ndi ma digito, tetezani zizindikiro zomvera, onetsetsani kuti mphamvu ndi ndege zapansi zikuyenda bwino, gwiritsani ntchito ma filter circuits, ndikukonza ma traces kuti muchepetse malo ozungulira.

Konzani malo akuluakulu oyambira pansi, onjezerani njira zoyambira pansi, fupikitsani njira zoyambira pansi, ndipo sankhani malo amodzi/ambiri/osakanikirana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi.

Unikani magawo monga kuletsa kwa netiweki yamagetsi, kutsika kwa magetsi, ndi kugawa kwa magetsi kudzera mu pulogalamu yoyeserera kuti muwone momwe zinthu zilili komanso kukonza bwino.

Mphamvu yolimbana ndi kusokoneza, kuletsa kusokoneza kwa common-mode, kupititsa patsogolo liwiro la kutumiza ndi kudalirika, komanso kuthandizira njira yolumikizirana ndi anthu ambiri.

Sungani kutalika kofanana (kusiyana ≤ 10% ya mtunda wotumizira womwe ukugwirizana ndi m'mphepete mwa kukwera kwa chizindikiro), mulifupi ndi malo ofananira, kuletsa kulamulira (monga 100Ω), ndipo pewani kulankhulana mozungulira.

Chepetsani kukula kwake, onjezerani anti-pad, onjezerani ma grounding vias mozungulira, ndikuwongolera chiŵerengero cha mbali (≤6).

Chitani kusanthula kwa kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro, kukhulupirika kwa mphamvu, ndi kusanthula kwa EMI, ndi kuyesa zitsanzo (monga kugwiritsa ntchito ma network analyzer ndi ma oscilloscope).

Zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kutalika kwa zigawo, kuchuluka kwa zigawo, mphamvu ya makina, ndi zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito, monga 0.5-1.5mm ya ma PCB a mafoni ndi 1.6-3.2mm ya zida zamafakitale.

Ganizirani za kusonkhana ndi zigawo zina, mphamvu ya makina, malo otaya kutentha, ndi momwe zigawo zimakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a makina.

Konzani bwino zinthu zopangira kutentha, onjezerani njira zotenthetsera kutentha (monga mabowo otenthetsera, zojambula zamkuwa), sankhani zipangizo zotenthetsera kutentha kwambiri, onjezerani zipangizo zotenthetsera kutentha ngati pakufunika kutero, ndikukonza bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeretsera kutentha.

Njira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kukonza zomangira, kukonza zomangira, ndi kukonza zowotcherera, zoyenera kukonza bwino, kukhazikitsa mosavuta, komanso kukhazikika kwambiri, motsatana.

Wonjezerani mphamvu ya makina mwa kuwonjezera makulidwe a bolodi kapena kuwonjezera zolimbitsira, kugawa kulemera mofanana, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyamwa kugunda kwa mtima pozisunga, ndikulimbitsa zigawo zazikulu.

Gwirizanitsani chivundikiro cha chipangizocho, pewani m'mbali zakuthwa, ganizirani njira zopangira (monga kudula, kuponda), ndi kupanga mapangidwe owongolera a pulagi-in.

Ikani utoto woteteza zinthu zitatu, gwiritsani ntchito zolumikizira zosalowa madzi, sungani zomatira, ndipo pewani kuyika zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'malo omwe madzi/fumbi limafalikira panthawi yokonza.

Kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse kufalikira kwa bolodi ndi kusuntha kwa zigawo; kutentha kochepa kungapangitse kuti zipangizo zisawonongeke. Ma PCB a mafakitale amagwira ntchito pa -40℃ ~ 85℃, ndipo amafunika mphamvu zambiri kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi asilikali.

Unikani kusintha kwa kagawidwe ka kupsinjika ndi kufalikira kwa kupsinjika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeserera kupsinjika kwa makina, ndikuchita zotsatira, mayeso a kugwedezeka, ndi mayeso a ukalamba a nthawi yayitali.

Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zamakina ndi ma coefficients okulitsa kutentha. Mwachitsanzo, FR-4 ili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino koma coefficient yokulitsa kutentha imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, pomwe zipangizo za polyimide zimapereka kukhazikika kwa kutentha komanso mphamvu yamakina.

Ma PCB ophatikizidwa amafunikira njira zina zowonjezera pakuyika zinthu, monga kupanga kapangidwe kake pakati pa zigawo ndi kuyika bwino kwambiri, ndi zofunikira kwambiri pakubowola ndi kulondola kwa ma plating.

Kuphatikizapo lamination, micro-via processing (aperture ≤50μm), component embedding, ndi surface treatment (monga golide plating, tin spraying).

Fotokozani njira zolondola zopangira, gwiritsani ntchito zida zolondola kwambiri (monga makina obowola a CNC), ndikuchita kafukufuku wokhwima komanso kusintha njira mu njira iliyonse.

Yang'anani zipangizo zopangira (mabolodi, zigawo zake), yang'anirani magawo a lamination/bowola/plating, gwiritsani ntchito X-ray ndi mayeso a flying probe kuti muwone kulumikizana kwamkati ndi magwiridwe antchito amagetsi, ndikuyang'anira kwathunthu zinthu zomalizidwa.

Ma thovu/kuchotsa ma lamination, kusokonekera kwa kubowola/kutseguka kosagwirizana, kulumikizana koyipa kwa zigawo/kufupika kwa magetsi, kukonza bwino pamwamba, kupotoka kwa mawonekedwe, ndi zina zotero.

Konzani kutentha kwa lamination, kuthamanga, ndi nthawi, konzekerani ma board kuti muchotse chinyezi ndi zinyalala, ndikugwiritsa ntchito vacuum lamination kutulutsa mpweya.

Gwiritsani ntchito zida zobowola zolondola kwambiri kuti muwongolere magawo, gwiritsani ntchito micro-etching pamakoma a mabowo kuti muwongolere kumatirira kwa mkuwa, komanso kuzindikira ubwino wake kudzera mu metallographic secting.

Yesani ndi kuyesa zigawo musanaziike, konzani njira zozikitsira kuti muwonetsetse kuti kulumikizana kuli kolimba, ndikuchita mayeso athunthu amagetsi ndi kuyesa kodalirika mukamaliza kupanga.

Zimakhudzidwa ndi mtengo wa zinthu (zipangizo zogwira ntchito bwino zimakhala zodula kwambiri), zovuta za njira (monga micro-vias, component embedding), kuchuluka kwa kupanga, ndi mtengo wowunikira.

Fufuzani mphamvu zaukadaulo (zipangizo, njira), machitidwe owongolera khalidwe, zochitika zopangira, ndemanga za makasitomala, mitengo, ndi nthawi yoperekera.

Kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana ndi maso, kuyesa kwamagetsi (multimeter, oscilloscope, network analyzer), kuyesa kogwira ntchito, kuyang'anira X-ray, kuyesa kwa flying probe, ndi zina zotero.

Gwiritsani ntchito misomali ya chipangizo cha ICT kuti mulumikizane ndi malo oyesera ndikupeza magawo amagetsi a zigawo, ma circuit afupi, ma circuit otseguka, ma parameter deviation, ndi zina zotero. Malo oyesera ayenera kusungidwa mu kapangidwe kake.

Yerekezerani malo enieni ogwirira ntchito, yesani ntchito zonse, tsatirani dongosolo la mayeso oyambira mpaka ovuta, ndikulemba ndikuwunika zolakwika.

Gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe a JTAG kuti mugwiritse ntchito maselo ojambulira malire a chip, kuzindikira momwe ma pin alili ndi kulumikizana kwa ma computer, ndi kuzindikira zolakwika zotseguka ndi zazifupi.

Choyamba yang'anani mawonekedwe (zigawo zoyaka, malo olumikizirana osweka), kenako chitani mayeso amagetsi kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa zolakwika, fufuzani maulalo omwe angatheke kutengera chithunzi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira kuti mudziwe malo olakwika.

Ndi okwera kwambiri, chifukwa zigawo zake zili mkati mwa zigawo. Zimafunika kuchotsa mosamala zigawo zapamwamba kuti ziwonetse malo olakwika, kuziyikanso kuti zibwezeretse umphumphu pambuyo pokonza, ndikupewa kugundana ndi ma circuits ena.

Gwiritsani ntchito zida zolondola kwambiri monga zida zowotcherera za micro-spot ndi ma tweezers olondola. Konzani dongosolo lokonzera pasadakhale ndipo gwiritsani ntchito kutentha komwe kulipo kuti muwongolere kutentha.

Chitani mayeso amagetsi (kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro, kukhulupirika kwa mphamvu), mayeso ogwira ntchito, ndi mayeso odalirika (kukalamba, kugwedezeka).

Pangani mapulani oyesera, njira zodziwira zolakwika, kufotokozera momwe ntchito yokonza zinthu imagwirira ntchito, ndi njira zotsimikizira khalidwe.

Zipangizo zoyesera: multimeter, oscilloscope, network analyzer, ndi zina zotero. Zipangizo zokonzera: zida zowotcherera za micro-spot, mfuti yotentha, ndi zina zotero.

Ganizirani kulondola kwa kukana, mphamvu, ndi kutentha koyenera. Sankhani zotsutsana kutengera zofunikira pa seti.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito posefa, kugawaniza, kusungira mphamvu, kulumikizana kwa zizindikiro, ndi zina zotero.

Dziwani kutengera kuchuluka kwa ntchito, inductance, ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Pa kusefa mphamvu, ganizirani za ripple ndi load current.

Ganizirani momwe zinthu zilili, mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mtundu wa phukusi, kudalirika, ndi chithandizo cha wopanga.

Gwirizanitsani magawo amagetsi ndi miyeso yeniyeni panthawi yopangira. Sankhani zigawo zogwirizana ndi zipangizo ndi njira za bolodi, ndikuchita kutsimikizira koyerekeza.

Pazigawo zogwira ntchito, lamulirani kutentha ndi nthawi kuti mupewe kusungunula kozizira. Pazigawo zogwira ntchito, gwiritsani ntchito zida zolondola kwambiri (monga kusungunulanso) kuti muwonetsetse kulumikizana kodalirika ndikupewa kuwonongeka kwa kutentha.

Yerekezerani nthawi yomwe zinthu zikuyenda bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso ofulumira a ukalamba, deta ya opanga, ndi kuyang'anira deta yeniyeni yolephera kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kukana: kusuntha kwa mtengo/dera lotseguka. Capacitor: kutayikira/dera lalifupi. Inductor: kusintha kwa inductance/kuzungulira kochepa. Chip: kulephera kugwira ntchito/kulephera kwa pini.

Sungani malinga ndi gulu lokhala ndi chinyezi komanso chitetezo cha ESD. Sungani dongosolo losungiramo zinthu kuti mulembe zambiri, muzichita zitsanzo nthawi zonse, ndikulamulira kuchuluka kwa zinthu moyenera.

Wonjezerani malo otsetsereka (≥3×m'lifupi), gwiritsani ntchito kusiyanitsa nthaka, konzani mtunda wa njira, ndi kuletsa machesi.

Ikani magawo a parasitic, zomwe zingayambitse kutayika ndi kuchedwa pama frequency apamwamba. Ma Via a ma signaling opitilira 10GHz ayenera kukhala ndi mainchesi

Onjezani zida zotetezera za ESD (monga ma TVS diode), khazikitsani njira zotulutsira ma ESD, ndikusunga zizindikiro za makiyi ≥2mm kuchokera m'mphepete mwa bolodi.

Gwiritsani ntchito X-ray kuti muwone malo olumikizirana mkati mwa malo olumikizirana. Kutalika kwa malo olumikizirana kuyenera kukhala 0.4-0.6mm, ndi void rate ≤15%.

ENIG yolumikizira mafunde mwachangu komanso molondola. OSP yotsika mtengo (yogwira ntchito kwa miyezi 6-8). Chitini choviikidwa mumadzi cholumikizira mafunde.

Konzani bwino zophimba zachitetezo ndi impedance yokhazikika pansi

Kudzera m'mimba mwake 0.3-0.5mm, mtunda ≤1mm, ≥100 vias/cm² kuti muwonetsetse kuti kutentha kumatuluka bwino.

Mizere ya data ya DDR4: kutalika kolekerera ±5mil. Mawiri osiyana a PCIe: ±2mil.

Onjezani ma capacitor olekanitsa (0.1μF pa ma frequency apamwamba, 10μF pa ma frequency otsika). Sungani mtunda wa mphamvu/nthaka wosanjikiza

Muyezo wa IPC: ≤0.7% ya njira zopanda lead, ≤0.5% m'madera a BGA.

Gwiritsani ntchito dynamic voltage scaling, power down idle modules, ndikusankha ma chips otsika-IQ (monga, TI MSP430 series).

Chepetsani kutayika kwa chizindikiro ndi magawo a parasitic, onjezerani kuchuluka kwa njira zoyendetsera. Mtengo wake ndi 20%-30% kuposa ma through-boo vias.

Gwiritsani ntchito zida za CAM350 kapena Altium DFM kuti muwone ngati pali m'lifupi/kutalika kwa trace (≥6mil), chiŵerengero cha mbali (≤8:1), ndi zina zotero.

Njira zodziwika bwino: utoto woteteza zinthu zitatu (0.1-0.3mm makulidwe), nano-coating (

Gwiritsani ntchito kapangidwe ka fan-out kuti muchepetse kuthamanga kwa BGA routing. Mabodi okhala ndi zigawo zinayi amakwaniritsa 80% ya zosowa zanthawi zonse; ≥ zigawo 6 za mapangidwe othamanga kwambiri.

Yang'anani kuyera kwa ma pad, makulidwe a solder phala (0.12-0.15mm), ndi kutentha kwa reflow (chiwerengero chapamwamba cha 235-245℃).

Gwiritsani ntchito megohmmeter ya 500V. Kukana kwa insulation kuyenera kukhala ≥100MΩ pa chinyezi cha ≤60%.

Gwiritsani ntchito zoletsa zomaliza (monga ntchito ya DDR ODT) ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya impedance. Onetsetsani kuti kusintha kwa impedance kupitirira 10%.

1oz mkuwa (35μm): ~1A/mm mulifupi mwake. 2oz: ~1.5A/mm (kukwera kwa kutentha

Chakuda chimathandiza kuyeretsa kutentha koma n'kovuta kuchiyang'ana. Chobiriwira ndicho chofala kwambiri. Choyera chimakhala ndi mphamvu yowala kwambiri (≈80%).

M'mimba mwake wamba: 0.4-0.8mm. Pitch: 0.5-1.0mm. Pitch ya 0.5mm imafuna zigawo za 0201.

Gwiritsani ntchito mapulogalamu oyeserera monga ANSYS, kutengera kusiyana kwa CTE (monga, FR-4 15ppm/℃, mkuwa 17ppm/℃).

Gwiritsani ntchito zosefera za magawo ambiri (ma circuits amtundu wa π). Ma traces amphamvu ≥20mil m'lifupi kuti muchepetse kulepheretsa njira.

M'mimba mwake ≥0.6mm, mtunda ≥1.27mm. Kumaliza pamwamba pa ENIG, palibe chophimba cha chigoba chosokera.

Malo ozungulira chizindikiro cha mzere umodzi

Gwiritsani ntchito SI9000 kuwerengera impedance, kulekerera kuwongolera ±10%. Gwiritsani ntchito kufananiza kutha kwa magetsi ndi kukonza topology.

Chidule: ± 0.1mm. M'mimba mwake mwa dzenje: ± 0.05mm. Kuzama kwa V-Dulani: 1/3-2/3 ya makulidwe a bolodi.

Gwiritsani ntchito mizere yofanana ndi ya serpentine yokhala ndi chitetezo cha pansi. Sungani kutali ndi mizere ya data yothamanga kwambiri ndipo pewani kuwoloka zigawo.

Chitani mayeso ofulumira a ukalamba (85℃/85%RH, 1000h) ndi mayeso a kugwedezeka (5-500Hz, 2G acceleration).

Kukula kwa pepala ndi 0.1-0.2mm kuposa zingwe za zigawo. M'lifupi mwa pepala la SMD ndi 1.2-1.5× m'lifupi mwa chingwe.

Wonjezerani malo otentha a mkuwa, gwiritsani ntchito guluu wotentha (≥1W/mK), ndipo tsegulani ma thermal vias pansi pa zigawo zamagetsi.

Malinga ndi IEC 61000-4-2: kutulutsa mpweya ±8kV, kutulutsa mpweya ±15kV, ndi ntchito yabwinobwino.

Kukhuthala kwanthawi zonse ndi 15-25μm. Muyenera kuphimba mkuwa wonse kuti mupewe ma short circuits kuti mkuwa usatuluke.

Phatikizani njira yolumikizirana ndi yodziyimira yokha. Ikani zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa njira yolumikizirana, ndi zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri zoyendetserana kaye.

Kutentha: 120-150℃ (60-90s). Kubwerera m'madzi: 217-230℃ (40-60s). Kuzizira: 3-6℃/s.

Kukhazikika kwa mfundo imodzi kapena mfundo zambiri. Malo ambiri a ma circuits apamwamba (>10MHz), okhala ndi kukana kwa nthaka

Taganizirani mphamvu yamagetsi, kukana kukhudzana (

Yang'anani malo olumikizirana pogwiritsa ntchito gawo la Metallographic (kugawa kwa metallographic), pezani zolakwika pamwamba ndi AOI, fufuzani kapangidwe ka chinthu ndi XRF.

Kutalikirana kwa 5mil, kupinga 100±10Ω, kusiyana kwa kutalika