Magulu a Magawo

PCB yolimba

1. Kodi PCB yolimba ndi chiyani?

Bolodi yosindikizidwa yopangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba (monga fiberglass ya FR4), yokhazikika komanso yosasinthika, yogwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zomwe zimafuna ma circuits okhazikika (monga ma board a makompyuta).
2. Kodi kusiyana pakati pa ma PCB olimba ndi osinthasintha ndi kotani?

Zipangizo: Yolimba imagwiritsa ntchito fiberglass, yosinthasintha imagwiritsa ntchito polyimide. Kapangidwe: Yolimba singathe kupindika, yosinthasintha ingathe kupindika. Kugwiritsa ntchito: Yolimba kuti ilumikizane bwino, yosinthasintha kuti igwirizane ndi malo ochepa.
3. Kodi mitundu ya kapangidwe kake ndi iti?

Yokhala ndi gawo limodzi, yokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri, komanso yokhala ndi zigawo zambiri. Yokhala ndi gawo limodzi ili ndi ma circuits mbali imodzi; yokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri pa zonse ziwiri; yokhala ndi zigawo zambiri imalumikiza zigawo zoyendetsera kudzera mu ma via (monga ma board a mama).
4. Kodi minda yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito ndi iti?

Makompyuta apakompyuta, ma TV, makina owongolera mafakitale, zamagetsi zamagalimoto (makompyuta omwe ali mgalimoto), zida zosagwedera za ndege, ndi zina zotero.
5. Kodi mtengo wake umafanana bwanji ndi ma PCB osinthasintha?

Mtengo wotsika. Ma PCB olimba ali ndi njira zokhwima komanso zipangizo zotsika mtengo; ma PCB osinthasintha ndi okwera mtengo chifukwa cha zipangizo ndi njira zovuta.
6. Kodi kutentha kwake kuli kotani?

Ma substrates wamba a FR4: -55°C mpaka 125°C kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mwachizolowezi, 260°C kwakanthawi kochepa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito popanda lead. Zipangizo zapadera zimatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri.
7. Kodi kukula kwake ndi kotani?

Kuchokera pa masentimita² ochepa (mabolodi ang'onoang'ono owongolera) mpaka m² angapo (mabolodi akuluakulu a seva).
8. Nanga bwanji kulemera kwake?

Zimadalira kukula, zigawo, ndi zipangizo. Ma FR4 multilayer boards: ~1-3 kg/m², olemera kuposa ma PCB osinthasintha a malo omwewo.
9. Kodi moyo wautumiki wamba ndi wotani?

Zaka 10-20+ m'malo abwinobwino; zaka zochepetsedwa m'malo ovuta (kutentha kwambiri/chinyezi).
10. Kodi ndi mphamvu yanji yamakina yomwe ingapirire?

FR4 ili ndi flexural modulus ya ~100-200MPa, yotsika kwambiri kuposa ma PCB osinthasintha. Kuwonjezeka kwa makulidwe kumawonjezera kukana kupsinjika.
11. Kodi zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pansi pa nthaka ndi ziti?

FR4 (fiberglass epoxy), phenolic resin, epoxy resin; PTFE yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zapadera zama frequency apamwamba.
12. Kodi makhalidwe a FR4 ndi ati?

Kuteteza magetsi bwino, mphamvu za makina, komanso kukhazikika kwa magawo. CTE: 13-17ppm/℃. Njira zotsika mtengo komanso zokhwima.
13. Kodi kuipa kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi phenolic resin ndi kotani?

Kutentha kochepa kwa zinthu zowola (120-150°C), komwe kumakhala kosavuta kusungunuka panthawi yosokera, mphamvu zamagetsi/makina zosagwira ntchito bwino, CTE yambiri, komanso fungo loipa.
14. Kodi ntchito ya pepala la mkuwa ndi makulidwe ake ofanana ndi otani?

Amapanga zizindikiro zoyendetsera kayendedwe ka mphamvu yamagetsi. Makulidwe ofanana: 0.5oz (17μm), 1oz (35μm), 2oz (70μm). Ma foil okhuthala ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yamphamvu.
15. Kodi gawo la chigoba chosungunula ndi chiyani?

Imateteza kuti isawonongeke ndi mafunde afupiafupi, imateteza mkuwa ku okosijeni ndi kuwonongeka kwa thupi, ndipo imasiyanitsa madera ndi mtundu (monga wobiriwira, wabuluu).
16. Kodi ntchito ya silkscreen layer ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi yotani?

Imasindikiza zilembo/zizindikiro kuti zidziwike zigawo panthawi yopanga ndi kukonza zolakwika. Mtundu wamba: woyera; komanso imvi, yofiira, yakuda, yachikasu, ndi zina zotero.
17. Kodi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudza bwanji magwiridwe antchito?

FR4: Mtengo wotsika wogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Zipangizo zama frequency apamwamba (monga, PTFE): Kutayika kochepa kwa chizindikiro cha 5G. Ma ceramic substrates: Kutentha kwambiri komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito potentha kwambiri.
18. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji zinthu zapansi panthaka?

Ganizirani zamagetsi (ma frequency/high voltage), makina (kugwedezeka), kutentha, ndi mtengo. Gwiritsani ntchito FR4 pazinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi, PTFE pazinthu zama frequency apamwamba, ndi zoumbaumba kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha kwambiri.
19. Kodi miyezo yokhudza chilengedwe ndi iti?

RoHS: Imaletsa zinthu zoopsa (lead, mercury, ndi zina zotero). Yopanda Halogen: Br/Cl
20. Kodi zipangizo zatsopano zimakhudza bwanji chitukuko?

Zipangizo zotsika-CTE zimathandizira kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe. Kutentha kwambiri kumathandizira kutayikira kwa kutentha. Zotchingira kutentha zogwira ntchito bwino zimachepetsa kutayika kwa chizindikiro, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino komanso kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.
21. Ndi zinthu ziti zamagetsi zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pokonza?

Kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro (kufananiza kupinga, kutsutsa kuwunikira/kukambirana), kugawa mphamvu, kukhazikika, ndi mphamvu yonyamula magetsi.
22. Kodi mungapange bwanji kapangidwe ka njira zoyendetsera zinthu?

Chepetsani zizindikiro zotsatizana, chepetsani ma vias. Gwiritsani ntchito ma differential pair a ma signal othamanga kwambiri komanso control impedance. Ma power/ground planes okhala ndi mkuwa wolimba. Ma partition modules kuti mupewe kusokoneza. M'lifupi mwa mzere kutengera mphamvu yamagetsi.
23. Kodi mfundo zazikulu za kapangidwe kake ndi ziti?

Kukula kutengera makulidwe/mphamvu yamagetsi (mabolodi okhuthala amafunika ma vias akuluakulu). Chepetsani kudzera mu kuwerengera. Kubowola kumbuyo kwa zizindikiro zothamanga kwambiri kuti muchotse zidutswa.
24. Kodi kufananiza impedance ndi chiyani ndipo tingakukwaniritsire bwanji?

Kufananiza gwero, mzere wotumizira, ndi zolepheretsa katundu kuti muchepetse kuwunikira. Kukwaniritsidwa mwa kuwongolera m'lifupi mwa mzere, malo, makulidwe a dielectric, ndi permittivity (monga, m'lifupi mwa 0.33mm pa microstrip ya 50Ω pa FR4).
25. Kodi mungachepetse bwanji kusokonezeka kwa maginito (EMI)?

Zigawo zogawanitsa; sungani zigawo zomvera kutali ndi magwero a phokoso. Mapulani amagetsi/pansi m'mabolodi okhala ndi zigawo zambiri kuti ateteze. Mapulani apansi mozungulira zizindikiro zothamanga kwambiri. Kuchotsa ma capacitor; kukhazikika bwino.
26. Kodi mfundo za kapangidwe ka zigawo ndi ziti?

Kugawa magawo ogwira ntchito, siyanitsani zigawo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, tsekani zigawo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri, perekani zinthu zazikulu patsogolo, ndikuonetsetsa kuti kuyika/kusamalira kuli kosavuta.
27. Kodi mungapange bwanji gawo lamagetsi?

Mphamvu ndi ma plane apafupi kuti achepetse kulowetsedwa kwa magetsi. Voltage yolumikizidwa kudzera mu maulumikizidwe. Mkuwa wolimba wa ma plane amagetsi; limbitsani njira zamagetsi amphamvu.
28. Kodi tingathetse bwanji kutayika kwa kutentha?

Ma thermal vias ndi ma copper planes pansi pa zinthu zotentha. Ma substrates okhala ndi kutentha kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka mpweya; onjezerani ma heat sinks/ma fan ngati pakufunika.
29. Kodi mitundu yonse ya kulekerera kapangidwe ndi yotani?

Malo a dzenje: ± 0.1mm. Ma via ophimbidwa: ± 0.076mm. Ma via osaphimbidwa: ± 0.05mm. M'lifupi mwa mzere: ± 10%-20%.
30. Kodi njira zopangira mapulogalamu ndi ziti?

Altium Designer (yoyenera mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakatikati), Cadence Allegro (yothamanga kwambiri yokhala ndi zigawo zambiri), Mentor PADS (yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso yothandiza).
31. Kodi njira yopangira zinthu ndi yotani?

Kuboola Mapanelo → Kuboola → Kuyika mkuwa → Kujambula Zithunzi → Kupaka Mapepala → Kuboola → Chigoba Chosokera → Chophimba Silika → Kumaliza pamwamba → Kujambula Mapepala.
32. Kodi mavuto ndi mayankho ofala a kuboola ndi ati?

Mavuto: Makoma okhwima, ma burrs, ma drill osweka. Mayankho: Sinthani ma drill, konzani liwiro/kudyetsa, yang'anani zipangizo.
33. Kodi ntchito ya kuika mkuwa ndi kulamulira makiyi ndi yotani?

Udindo: Kuyendetsa makoma a mabowo kuti alumikizane ndi zigawo. Zowongolera: Kapangidwe ka yankho, kutentha (25-35°C), pH (11-12), ukhondo wa chisanakonzedwe.
34. Kodi njira zojambulira zithunzi ndi zabwino/zoyipa zake ndi ziti?

Photolithography: Kulondola kwambiri kwa HDI, mtengo wokwera komanso zovuta. Kusindikiza pazenera: Zipangizo zotsika mtengo/zosavuta, kulondola kochepa.
35. Kodi mungayang'anire bwanji makulidwe a mkuwa poika zinthu?

Kuwongolera pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa magetsi, nthawi yopangira ma plating, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi. Mwachitsanzo, 1oz (35μm) imafuna mphindi 20-30 pa 2-3A/dm².
36. Kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti kupyola ndi kolondola panthawi yopyola?

Sinthani kuchuluka kwa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinthu, kutentha, nthawi, ndi kupopera, ndikusunga zida nthawi zonse. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu kungayambitse kudulidwa kwambiri, pomwe kuchepa kwa zinthu kungayambitse kudulidwa kosakwanira. Sungani kutentha pa 45-55℃, dziwani nthawi kutengera makulidwe a bolodi, ndi zina zotero, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kupanikizika kuli kofanana kuti mugwire bwino ntchito.
37. Kodi zofunikira pa kusindikiza chigoba chosokera ndi ziti?

Phimbani dera lonse mofanana popanda kusowa chosindikizira, mabowo ang'onoang'ono, kapena thovu. Kukhuthala kwa mafuta pamwamba pa mkuwa: 10-18μm, kudzera: 5-8μm. Mipata yoyenera kuchokera m'mphepete mwa dera kuti mupewe kuphimba kwambiri ma pad kapena zoopsa za shortcircuit.
38. Kodi njira zodzitetezera posindikiza zilembo ndi ziti?

Zilembo ziyenera kukhala zowoneka bwino, zodzaza, zokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zoyikidwa bwino popanda kutsekereza madera ofunikira, komanso zomatira mwamphamvu (sankhani inki zoyenera ndi njira zophikira).
39. Kodi njira zodziwika bwino zomalizitsira pamwamba pa PCB zolimba ndi ziti? Kodi makhalidwe awo ndi otani?

HASL: Mtengo wotsika, kuthekera kosungunula bwino, kusalala pang'ono. ENIG: Yosalala, kuthekera kosungunula bwino komanso kukana dzimbiri, mtengo wokwera. Chitini choviika: Kukhazikika bwino kosungunula, malo osalala, nthawi yosungira. OSP: Mtengo wotsika, njira yosavuta, kusunga kwakanthawi kochepa kosungunula.
40. Kodi njira zoumbira zinthu ndi ziti? Kodi mungasankhe bwanji?

Kudula kwa makina (kulondola kwambiri, koyenera kukula kwakukulu kovuta). Kuboola (kuchita bwino kwambiri, koyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri nthawi zonse). Kudula kwa laser (kulondola kwambiri, mtengo wapamwamba, koyenera magulu ang'onoang'ono). Sankhani kutengera mawonekedwe, kulondola, kukula kwa gulu, ndi mtengo.
41. Ndi kuwunika kotani komwe kumafunika panthawi yopanga PCB yolimba?

Yang'anani kukula/kukhuthala mukamaliza kudula. Yang'anani malo a dzenje, kukula, ndi khoma mukamaliza kuboola. Yesani makulidwe/kufanana kwa mkuwa mukamaliza kupukuta. Yang'anani kulimba kwa dera mukamaliza kupukuta. Yang'anani ubwino wa chigoba/zilembo zosokera. Yang'anani makulidwe/kumatira kwa chophimba mukamaliza kupukuta pamwamba. Yang'anani mawonekedwe/m'mbali mukamaliza kuumba.
42. Kodi mungayese bwanji magwiridwe antchito amagetsi a ma PCB olimba?

Gwiritsani ntchito zoyesera zowuluka kapena zida za ICT. Zowuluka zowuluka zimagwirizana ndi magulu/mitundu yaying'ono, kuzindikira kutseguka/kabudula, ndi zina zotero. ICT ndi yopangira zinthu zambiri, kuyesa mokwanira magwiridwe antchito amagetsi ndi zida zapadera.
43. Kodi ntchito ya kuwunika kwa X-ray ndi yotani pa mayeso olimba a PCB?

Dziwani kudzera mu kulumikizana, mabowo, umphumphu wa mkuwa m'mabolodi ambiri. Yang'anani malo olumikizirana a BGA ndi zolakwika zamkati (zinthu zakunja, delamination) mosawononga.
44. Kodi mfundo ndi momwe ntchito ya AOI (Automated Optical Inspection) imagwirira ntchito ndi iti?

Sonkhanitsani zithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito makamera owonera ndikuyerekeza ndi miyezo kuti mupeze zolakwika monga zigawo zomwe zikusowa, kusakhazikika bwino, ma shorts. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana nthawi yeniyeni mutasindikiza, kuyika, kuyikanso solder kuti muwongolere magwiridwe antchito ndi khalidwe.
45. Kodi mungayese bwanji mphamvu za makina a PCB zolimba?

Mayeso opindika (onani ming'alu pa ngodya/ma cycles otchulidwa). Mayeso ogwetsa (yesani zotsatira). Mayeso ogwetsa (yesani kugwedezeka kuti muwone kusweka ndi kapangidwe kake).
46. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji njira zomaliza pamwamba pa ma PCB olimba?

Malinga ndi IPC-4552, ENIG imagwirizana ndi kudalirika kwapamwamba (Ni: 3-5μm, Au: 0.05-0.1μm). OSP ndi yotsika mtengo (kukhuthala kwa filimu: 0.2-0.5μm, yoyenera kusungidwa kwakanthawi kochepa). HASL ndi yokhwima (kukhuthala kwa Sn >2.5μm, kusasalala bwino).
47. Kodi kuthetsa zolakwika pakujambula PCB molimba kungathandize bwanji?

Sinthani kuchuluka kwa madzi mu yankho (acidic etchant: CuCl₂ 180-220g/L, HCl 1.0-1.5mol/L), kutentha kwa 50-55℃. Ngati simukudula bwino, chepetsani liwiro ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya kupopera mpaka 2-3bar.
48. Kodi chofunika cha kulumikiza ma PCB olimba okhala ndi zigawo zambiri ndi chiyani?

Pa IPC-6012, mabolodi ambiri okhala ndi zigawo zambiri ≤75μm, mabolodi a HDI ≤50μm. Kulondola kwa malo obowolera pogwiritsa ntchito laser ±25μm, koyendetsedwa ndi makina owonetsera zinthu molondola kwambiri.
49. Kodi muyezo wa mphamvu yopindika ya ma PCB olimba ndi wotani?

Zipangizo za FR-4: longitudinal ≥345MPa, transverse ≥276MPa (ASTM D790). 1.6mm makulidwe ≥300MPa.
50. Kodi mungayese bwanji makulidwe a PCB zolimba pogwiritsa ntchito mkuwa?

Kugawa magawo a Metallographic (IPC-TM-650, kutsegula dzenje ≥20μm, kubisika ndi khungu/kuikidwa m'manda kudzera ≥18μm). Kuyesa kosawononga kwa XRF (kulondola ±0.5μm).
51. Kodi kutentha koyenera kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito mafunde a PCB olimba ndi kotani?

Kutentha: 90-130℃ (60-120s). Malo osokerera: 240-260℃ (kukhudzana ndi 2-4s). Kuzizira: 3-6℃/s (J-STD-003).
52. Kodi makulidwe a chigoba cha solder pa ma PCB olimba ndi otani?

Yachizolowezi: 15-30μm (IPC-6012), malo okhuthala ≥20μm. Kusindikiza pazenera: 20-25μm, kuwala kowala: 15-20μm.
53. Kodi mulifupi/malo ocheperako a mzere wa ma PCB olimba ndi otani?

Zachizolowezi: 6/6mil (0.1524mm). LDI + etching ya mankhwala: 3/3mil (0.0762mm). Mabodi a HDI: 1/1mil (0.0254mm).
54. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji pakati pa kuphimba ndi kulumikiza kapangidwe ka PCB kolimba?

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi, sankhani kulumikiza utomoni (kuya ≥80% kudzera mu kuya, cholakwika cha kusalala ≤10μm). Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yokha, sankhani kuphimba (m'lifupi mwake ≥0.1mm).
55. Kodi mungatani kuti musamavutike ndi chinyezi mu ma PCB olimba?

Pa IPC-J-STD-033, phikani pa 125℃ kwa maola 4-8 (≤1.6mm: maola 4, ＞1.6mm: maola 8) kuti muchepetse chinyezi pansi pa 0.1%.
56. Kodi kuuma kwa foil ya mkuwa kumakhudza bwanji kutumiza kwa chizindikiro mu ma PCB olimba?

Kukhwinya kwambiri kumawonjezera mphamvu ya khungu komanso kutayika kwa chizindikiro. RTF foil Ra10GHz). VLP foil Ra
57. Kodi kuchotsa ma burrs m'mabowo obowoledwa mu ma PCB olimba kungatani?

Kutsuka kwa makina ochotsera mpweya (kupanikizika 0.3-0.5MPa, liwiro 2-3m/min). Kupukuta kwa mankhwala (sodium persulfate 100-150g/L, 40-50℃, mphindi 1-2).
58. Kodi chofunika cha kulondola kwa impedance control pa ma PCB olimba ndi chiyani?

Zonse: imodzi yokha ±10%, kusiyana ±8%. Liwiro lapamwamba (>1Gbps): imodzi yokha ±5%, kusiyana ±3%, kusinthidwa kudzera m'lifupi mwa mzere, makulidwe a dielectric, makulidwe a mkuwa.
59. Kodi muyezo wa magetsi okhazikika pa ma PCB olimba ndi wotani?

Pa UL 796, zinthu za FR-4 ≥1400V/mm pa 25℃/50% RH. Mtunda wa creepage 1mm ukugwirizana ndi 100-200V.
60. Kodi kapangidwe ka ma PCB olimba (DFM) kamayang'ana bwanji makamaka?

M'lifupi/kutalika kwa mzere, chiŵerengero cha dzenje/m'mimba mwake (padi ≥dzenje +0.4mm pamene dzenje ≥0.3mm), chiŵerengero cha dera la mkuwa (30%-70%), chiŵerengero cha mbali ya kubowola (≤8:1), m'lifupi mwa chigoba chosokera (≥0.1mm).
61. Kodi zifukwa ndi njira zothetsera kusintha kwa zinthu pa nthawi yokonzanso ma PCB olimba ndi ziti?

Zomwe zimayambitsa: Kusagwirizana kwa CTE, makulidwe osafanana, kupindika kwa kutentha kosayenera. Mayankho: Sankhani zipangizo za CTE ≤15ppm/℃, wongolerani kulekerera makulidwe ±0.05mm, onjezerani kutentha kwa ≤3℃/s.
62. Kodi chofunika cha kukana kutenthetsa pamwamba (SIR) ndi chiyani pa ma PCB olimba?

Pa IPC-TM-650, ≥10¹⁰Ω pambuyo pa maola 168 pa 85℃/85% RH, ≥10¹²Ω pa ntchito zapamwamba, zomwe zimafuna kuwongolera kuyeretsa pamwamba.
63. Kodi kusiyana pakati pa kubisika ndi kubisika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zinthu mu PCB zolimba ndi kotani?

Ma vias osawona: Kuboola kwa laser/makina + kuphimba, kuya ≤0.5mm, kuti alumikizane pamwamba. Ma vias obisika: Kuboola kwa makina + kuphimba, komwe kumafuna kulinganiza, kuti zizindikiro zamkati zichepetse magawo a parasitic.
64. Kodi ubwino ndi kuipa kwa flying probe ndi bed-of-nail testing kwa ma PCB olimba ndi ati?

Chofufuzira chouluka: Chophimba >98%, choyenera magulu ang'onoang'ono/olemera kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono (3-5s/point). Bed-of-nails: Yachangu (
65. Kodi makulidwe a foil ya mkuwa amakhudza bwanji kutayika kwa kutentha mu ma PCB olimba?

Kuwonjezeka kulikonse kwa 1oz (35μm) kumawonjezera mphamvu ya kutentha ndi 38%. 3oz foil mu ntchito zamphamvu kwambiri imachepetsa kukwera kwa kutentha ndi 15%-20% ndi ma thermal vias.
66. Kodi mlatho wa mafuta wobiriwira wocheperako ndi wotani pa ma PCB olimba?

Mabodi achizolowezi: 0.1mm. Mabodi okhala ndi LDI: 0.075mm, oletsa kulumikiza kwa soldering.
67. Kodi ndi mavuto otani omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri mu HASL (hot air solder leveling) pa ma PCB olimba?

Kusokera kosagwirizana pa ma pad, kosakwanira kudzera mu soldering, malo osafanana.

PCB yolimba

1. Kodi PCB yolimba ndi chiyani?

2. Kodi kusiyana pakati pa ma PCB olimba ndi osinthasintha ndi kotani?

3. Kodi mitundu ya kapangidwe kake ndi iti?

4. Kodi minda yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito ndi iti?

5. Kodi mtengo wake umafanana bwanji ndi ma PCB osinthasintha?

6. Kodi kutentha kwake kuli kotani?

7. Kodi kukula kwake ndi kotani?

8. Nanga bwanji kulemera kwake?

9. Kodi moyo wautumiki wamba ndi wotani?

10. Kodi ndi mphamvu yanji yamakina yomwe ingapirire?

11. Kodi zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pansi pa nthaka ndi ziti?

12. Kodi makhalidwe a FR4 ndi ati?

13. Kodi kuipa kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi phenolic resin ndi kotani?

14. Kodi ntchito ya pepala la mkuwa ndi makulidwe ake ofanana ndi otani?

15. Kodi gawo la chigoba chosungunula ndi chiyani?

16. Kodi ntchito ya silkscreen layer ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi yotani?

17. Kodi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudza bwanji magwiridwe antchito?

18. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji zinthu zapansi panthaka?

19. Kodi miyezo yokhudza chilengedwe ndi iti?

20. Kodi zipangizo zatsopano zimakhudza bwanji chitukuko?

21. Ndi zinthu ziti zamagetsi zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pokonza?

22. Kodi mungapange bwanji kapangidwe ka njira zoyendetsera zinthu?

23. Kodi mfundo zazikulu za kapangidwe kake ndi ziti?

24. Kodi kufananiza impedance ndi chiyani ndipo tingakukwaniritsire bwanji?

25. Kodi mungachepetse bwanji kusokonezeka kwa maginito (EMI)?

26. Kodi mfundo za kapangidwe ka zigawo ndi ziti?

27. Kodi mungapange bwanji gawo lamagetsi?

28. Kodi tingathetse bwanji kutayika kwa kutentha?

29. Kodi mitundu yonse ya kulekerera kapangidwe ndi yotani?

30. Kodi njira zopangira mapulogalamu ndi ziti?

31. Kodi njira yopangira zinthu ndi yotani?

32. Kodi mavuto ndi mayankho ofala a kuboola ndi ati?

33. Kodi ntchito ya kuika mkuwa ndi kulamulira makiyi ndi yotani?

34. Kodi njira zojambulira zithunzi ndi zabwino/zoyipa zake ndi ziti?

35. Kodi mungayang'anire bwanji makulidwe a mkuwa poika zinthu?

36. Kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti kupyola ndi kolondola panthawi yopyola?

37. Kodi zofunikira pa kusindikiza chigoba chosokera ndi ziti?

38. Kodi njira zodzitetezera posindikiza zilembo ndi ziti?

39. Kodi njira zodziwika bwino zomalizitsira pamwamba pa PCB zolimba ndi ziti? Kodi makhalidwe awo ndi otani?

40. Kodi njira zoumbira zinthu ndi ziti? Kodi mungasankhe bwanji?

41. Ndi kuwunika kotani komwe kumafunika panthawi yopanga PCB yolimba?

42. Kodi mungayese bwanji magwiridwe antchito amagetsi a ma PCB olimba?

43. Kodi ntchito ya kuwunika kwa X-ray ndi yotani pa mayeso olimba a PCB?

44. Kodi mfundo ndi momwe ntchito ya AOI (Automated Optical Inspection) imagwirira ntchito ndi iti?

45. Kodi mungayese bwanji mphamvu za makina a PCB zolimba?

46. ​​Kodi mungasankhe bwanji njira zomaliza pamwamba pa ma PCB olimba?

47. Kodi kuthetsa zolakwika pakujambula PCB molimba kungathandize bwanji?

48. Kodi chofunika cha kulumikiza ma PCB olimba okhala ndi zigawo zambiri ndi chiyani?

49. Kodi muyezo wa mphamvu yopindika ya ma PCB olimba ndi wotani?

50. Kodi mungayese bwanji makulidwe a PCB zolimba pogwiritsa ntchito mkuwa?

51. Kodi kutentha koyenera kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito mafunde a PCB olimba ndi kotani?

52. Kodi makulidwe a chigoba cha solder pa ma PCB olimba ndi otani?

53. Kodi mulifupi/malo ocheperako a mzere wa ma PCB olimba ndi otani?

54. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji pakati pa kuphimba ndi kulumikiza kapangidwe ka PCB kolimba?

55. Kodi mungatani kuti musamavutike ndi chinyezi mu ma PCB olimba?

56. Kodi kuuma kwa foil ya mkuwa kumakhudza bwanji kutumiza kwa chizindikiro mu ma PCB olimba?

57. Kodi kuchotsa ma burrs m'mabowo obowoledwa mu ma PCB olimba kungatani?

58. Kodi chofunika cha kulondola kwa impedance control pa ma PCB olimba ndi chiyani?

59. Kodi muyezo wa magetsi okhazikika pa ma PCB olimba ndi wotani?

60. Kodi kapangidwe ka ma PCB olimba (DFM) kamayang'ana bwanji makamaka?

61. Kodi zifukwa ndi njira zothetsera kusintha kwa zinthu pa nthawi yokonzanso ma PCB olimba ndi ziti?

62. Kodi chofunika cha kukana kutenthetsa pamwamba (SIR) ndi chiyani pa ma PCB olimba?

63. Kodi kusiyana pakati pa kubisika ndi kubisika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zinthu mu PCB zolimba ndi kotani?

64. Kodi ubwino ndi kuipa kwa flying probe ndi bed-of-nail testing kwa ma PCB olimba ndi ati?

65. Kodi makulidwe a foil ya mkuwa amakhudza bwanji kutayika kwa kutentha mu ma PCB olimba?

66. Kodi mlatho wa mafuta wobiriwira wocheperako ndi wotani pa ma PCB olimba?

67. Kodi ndi mavuto otani omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri mu HASL (hot air solder leveling) pa ma PCB olimba?

46. Kodi mungasankhe bwanji njira zomaliza pamwamba pa ma PCB olimba?