Ibyiciro bya Moduli

Uburyo bwo gusana PCBA

1. Ni iyihe gahunda yo kuvugurura PCBA?

Uburyo bwo kuvugurura PCBA (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) ni uburyo bwo gushaka aho amakosa ari mu matsinda afite ikibazo cyo gushongesha nabi cyangwa imikorere mibi, gukuraho ibice bifite inenge, no kongera gushongesha ibice byujuje ibisabwa. Imibare igaragaza ko hafi 5%-15% bya PCBA bisaba kuvugururwa mu gihe cyo gukora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
2. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yo kuvugurura PCBA no gusana?

Gusubiramo ibikorwa bikemura ibibazo nko kutagira icyo bihindura mu buryo bukoreshwa ndetse no kunanirwa kw'ibice byabyo mu gihe cyo gukora, aho ibicuruzwa byasanwe bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa mu gukora; gusana ibintu byatewe no gusaza, ikoreshwa nabi, nibindi, mu bicuruzwa byakoreshejwe. Amahame meza mu nganda ni ukugenzura igipimo cy'isubiramo ry'ibibazo mu gihe kiri hagati ya 3%.
3. Ni iyihe nzira y'ibanze yo kuvugurura PCBA?

Uburyo busanzwe ni: kumenya amakosa → aho inenge iherereye → gukuraho ibice → gusukura pad → gusora ibice bishya → kugenzura no kugenzura. Muri byo, gukuraho ibice no kubisora bingana na 60%-70% by'igihe cyose cyo gukora.
4. Kuki igikorwa cyo kuvugurura PCBA gikenewe?

Ndetse no mu mikorere ya SMT igezweho, haracyari igipimo cy'ubusembwa bwo gusora kiri hagati ya 0.1% na 1% (nk'ingufu zo gusora no gushyiramo ibiraro). Gusubiramo bishobora kunoza igipimo cy'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa, kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora, no kwirinda gusenya ikibaho cyose.
5. Ni mu bihe bintu akamaro k'uburyo bwo kuvugurura PCBA kagaragariramo?

Bishobora kongera umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa mbere y’igihe, kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubitunganya, kwemeza ko bifite ireme kandi byizerwa, no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubitunganya nyuma yo kugurisha. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko inzira nziza zo kuvugurura zishobora kongera icyizere cy’ibicuruzwa ku kigero cya 20%-30%.
6. Ni ibihe bikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu kuvugurura PCBA?

Ahanini harimo sitasiyo zo kuvugurura umwuka ushyushye, sitasiyo zo kuvugurura infrared, sitasiyo zo kuvugurura BGA, ipompo zo gukuraho ifu, mikorosikopi, nibindi. Muri zo, sitasiyo zo kuvugurura BGA zifite ubushyuhe bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe bwa ± 1℃, zikwiriye kuvugurura ibice bya BGA neza cyane.
7. Ni iyihe ngingo ngenderwaho y'imikorere ya sitasiyo ikora ibikoresho bishyushye?

Ikora umwuka ushyushye binyuze mu muyoboro ushyushya, hanyuma igahuha umwuka ushyushye ku bice bigomba kuvugururwa binyuze mu munwa, igashongesha umushongi kugira ngo ukurweho cyangwa gusonerwa. Ubushyuhe bw'umwuka ushyushye muri rusange bushobora guhindurwa kuva kuri 200-450℃, hamwe n'umuvuduko w'umwuka wa 5-50L/min.
8. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya sitasiyo yo kuvugurura BGA n'iyindi sitasiyo isanzwe yo kuvugurura umwuka ushyushye?

Ibikoresho byo kuvugurura BGA bifite imikorere yihariye yo kugenzura ubushyuhe mu turere twinshi tw’ubushyuhe, bigatuma habaho uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe bugoye, bukwiriye ibikoresho bipakiye nka BGA na CSP; ibikoresho bisanzwe byo kuvugurura umwuka ushyushye bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bipaki bisanzwe nka QFP na SOP. Igiciro cya sitasiyo yo kuvugurura BGA kiri ku nshuro 3-5 z’ikibuga gisanzwe cyo kuvugurura umwuka ushyushye.
9. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ipompo zikoresha mu gukuraho ifu n'imiterere yazo ikwiye?

Zigabanyijemo ipompo zikoresha intoki zikuraho ifu, ipompo zikoresha amashanyarazi zikuraho ifu, n'imbunda zikoresha amashanyarazi zikuraho ifu. Ipompo zikoresha intoki zikwiriye gukuraho umubare muto w'imigozi ikoreshwa mu gusoda, ipompo zikoresha amashanyarazi zikora neza kurushaho, naho imbunda zikoresha amashanyarazi zikwiriye ibice bifite imigozi myinshi. Ipompo zikoresha amashanyarazi zikuraho ifu vuba inshuro 3-5 kurusha izikoresha intoki.
10. Ni gute wahitamo uburyo bwo kongera ubushobozi bwa mikorosikopi yo gusubiramo?

Ku bikoresho bito bipakiye nka 0201 na 01005, mikorosikopi ifite ubushobozi bwo kongera uburebure inshuro 50-100 irakenewe; ku bikoresho bisanzwe bipakiye, ubushobozi bwo kongera uburebure inshuro 10-30 burahagije. Mikorosikopi ifite ubushobozi bwo kongera uburebure ihenze inshuro 2-3 ugereranyije n’izidafite ubushobozi bwo kongera uburebure.
11. Ni gute washyiraho ubushyuhe bwa sitasiyo ishyushye yo kuvugurura umwuka?

Bishyizweho hakurikijwe ipaki y'ibice n'ubwoko bwa solder. Kuri solder ya Sn63Pb37, ubushyuhe bwo gukuraho muri rusange ni 350-380℃, naho ubushyuhe bwo gusolder ni 320-350℃; kuri solder idafite icyuma (nka SAC305), ubushyuhe bwo gukuraho ni 380-420℃, naho ubushyuhe bwo gusolder ni 350-380℃. Ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane bwangiza byoroshye ibice, mu gihe ubushyuhe buke cyane butuma solder idashonga.
12. Ni gute washyiraho umurongo w'ubushyuhe kugira ngo BGA ivugururwe?

Ubusanzwe ikubiyemo agace gashyushya mbere (igipimo cyo gushyushya 1-3℃/s, ubushyuhe 120-150℃), agace ko kwibiramo (150-180℃, 60-120s), agace ko gusubiramo amazi (ubushyuhe bwinshi 217-235℃, bugumana 30-60s), n'agace ko gukonjesha (igipimo cyo gukonjesha 2-4℃/s). Gushyiraho nabi umurongo w'ubushyuhe bishobora guteza ibibazo nko gushongesha BGA mu buryo bukonje no gucika kw'umupira w'icyuma.
13. Ni izihe ngaruka z'umuvuduko w'umwuka ukoreshwa mu kuvugurura imikorere y'ikigo cy'umwuka ushyushye ku ivugurura?

Umuvuduko mwinshi cyane w’umwuka ushobora gukurura ibice bito cyangwa bigatuma solder isuka; umuvuduko muto cyane utuma ubushyuhe budakwirakwira neza. Muri rusange, umuvuduko w’umwuka kuri paki 0402 no hejuru yayo ushyirwa kuri 10-20L/min, naho kuri 0201 no munsi yayo, ni 5-10L/min.
14. Ni iyihe gahunda ikwiye yo kugena igihe cyo kuvugurura ibyuma?

Ni byiza ko igihe cyo gusora ku gice kimwe cyo gusora kitarenga amasegonda 3, kandi gusora bidatinze ntibirenze amasegonda 10. Igihe kirekire cyane cyo gusora byongera ibyago byo gukurwaho kwa 30% by'icyuma gikozwe muri PCB n'amahirwe yo kwangirika kw'ibice byacyo ho 25%.
15. Ni gute wahindura imbaraga zo gushyushya za sitasiyo ya infrared rework?

Hindura ukurikije ingano ya PCBA n'ubucucike bw'ibice, muri rusange hamwe n'ubucucike bw'ingufu bwa 1-3W/cm². Ingufu nyinshi cyane zishobora gutera ubushyuhe bwinshi no guhinduka kwa PCB, mu gihe ingufu nke cyane zituma ubushobozi bwo gushyushya budakora neza.
16. Ni gute wakuraho ibice bya QFP bipakiye?

Koresha ahantu ho kongeramo umwuka ushyushye, shyiramo umunwa ku misumari, ushyushye kuri dogere 350-380 ku gipimo cy'umwuka hamwe n'umuvuduko w'umwuka wa litiro 15-20 ku munota, hanyuma ukureho igice ukoresheje utubuto nyuma yuko solder ishonge. Nyuma yo kuyikuraho, sukura udupapuro ukoresheje urutambi rukuraho umugozi.
17. Ni izihe ntambwe z'ingenzi zo gukuraho ibice bya BGA?

Banza ushyireho umurongo ukwiye w'ubushyuhe. Nyuma y'uko udupira two gushongesha twometseho amazi dushongeshejwe burundu, kuramo BGA witonze ukoresheje ikaramu ikoresha umwuka; sukura agace gasigaye k'umushongesho ku dupapuro hanyuma ushyireho umurongo ukoresha umushongeshosho. Igipimo cyo gukuraho BGA ni 85% bitewe n'uko umushongeshosho wo gushongesha uhuye.
18. Ni iki kigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo gukuraho ibice bya polar (nk'ibice bya electrolytic capacitors)?

Andika icyerekezo cya polarity cy'igice kugira ngo wirinde ko gishyirwaho mu buryo bunyuranyije n'amategeko; witondere gushyushya kimwe mu gihe cyo gukuraho kugira ngo wirinde guturika kw'igice bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo mu gace. Gushyiraho polarity nabi byongera igipimo cyo kwangirika k'umusaruro ho 40%.
19. Ni gute wakuraho ibice bishongeshejwe ku gice cy'imbere cya PCB?

Muri ibyo bihe, isuzuma rya X-ray rirakenewe kugira ngo hamenyekane aho ingingo zisoda ziherereye, kandi hakoreshwa uburyo bwo gushyushya aho ziherereye (nk'ubushyuhe bwa laser) mu gukuraho. Biragoye cyane, aho igipimo cyo gutsinda ari 60%-70% gusa.
20. Ni gute wakwirinda kwangiza PCB mu gihe ukuraho ibice?

Genzura ubushyuhe n'igihe cyo gushyushya, kandi wirinde gushyushya kenshi ahantu hamwe; koresha ibikoresho bikwiye, nko gukoresha agapira ko gupfuka kugira ngo bifashe mu gukuraho ibice binini kugira ngo ugabanye gukurura PCB. Gukoresha neza bishobora kugabanya igipimo cya PCB cyo kwangirikaho 50%.
21. Ni gute wasukura icupa risigaye ku gipfundikizo?

Sukura irangi risigaye ku dupfundikizo ukoresheje ikirahure cyo gukuraho irangi ukoresheje icyuma gishongesha: shyira irangi mu kantu, ushyire ku gipfundikizo, hanyuma ushyushye ukoresheje icyuma kugira ngo utobore irangi. Huza ubugari bw'ikirahure n'ikirahure kugira ngo wirinde koza cyane cyangwa kudasukura bihagije.
22. Ni gute wahangana n'ikibazo cyo gushonga kw'ibice by'amazi?

Shyiraho witonze urwego rwa oxidized ukoresheje sandpaper nziza, ushyireho flux, hanyuma ushyushye kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo gusonerwa. Udupapuro twa oxidized tudatunganyijwe dushobora gutera igipimo cya 80% cy'ubusembwa bwo gusonerwa.
23. Ni gute wasana agapapuro kari kavuyemo?

Kugira ngo uvane igice cy'icyuma, koresha insinga zo mu bwoko bwa jumper; kugira ngo uvane burundu, hindura agapapuro (icyuma gikingira umuringa, agapfukamunwa gakingira agapfukamunwa) hanyuma ugerageze imikorere y'amashanyarazi nyuma yo gusana.
24. Ni gute wakwizeza ko pad iramba nyuma yo gusukura?

Koresha umutwe w'icyuma gishongesha gifite ishusho nk'iy'umusenyi kugira ngo utunganye ifu irenze urugero, kandi ushyiremo umucanga nibiba ngombwa. Ikosa ryo kugorama rigomba kuba riri hagati ya ± 0.05mm kugira ngo wirinde ibibazo byo gushongesha.
25. Ese udupapuro two gupfunyikamo imyenda tugomba gusukurwa nyuma yo gusukurwa?

Yego. Koresha ethanol idafite amazi cyangwa ibikoresho byihariye byo gusukura kugira ngo ukureho imyanda n'ibisigazwa byayo, wirinde kwiyongera kwa 20% mu bijyanye no gushongesha no kwangirika kwa PCB.
26. Ni iyihe myiteguro ikenewe mbere yo gushongesha ibice bishya?

Reba ibipimo by'ibice, ushyiremo udupapuro two gupfunyika, hanyuma utegure ibikoresho bikwiye kandi uhindure. Imyiteguro idahagije ishobora gutuma igipimo cyo gusubiramo gihinduka cya 30%.
27. Ni gute wasoda udupaki duto nka 0201?

Koresha mikorosikopi n'icyuma gishyushya cyangwa icyuma gishongesha. Banza ushyireho agapira kamwe, hanyuma ushyireho agace gasigaye kugira ngo urebe neza aho gashyirwa.
28. Ni gute wasuzuma ubwiza bw'ibice bya BGA bishongeshwa?

Koresha X-ray kugira ngo urebe aho umupira w’amashanyarazi uhurira (igipimo cy’amashanyarazi kidakora ≤5%) na multimeter kugira ngo ubone uburyo amashanyarazi agumana. X-ray ibona ibirenze 90% by’ibitagenda neza.
29. Ni gute wakwirinda ko ibice bihinduka mu gihe cyo gushongesha?

Kosora ibice ukoresheje kole cyangwa flux mbere yo gusora, hanyuma ushyushye neza kugira ngo wirinde ubushyuhe. Guhindura ibintu bitera 15%-20% by'ubusembwa bwo gusora.
30. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’ibice bishongesha ibikoresho bitandukanye by’icyuma gishongesha?

Ibyuma bishongeshwa cyane; ibyuma bishongeshwa mbere yo gucukurwa; ibyuma bishongeshwa bigomba guhindagurika. Ibyuma bitavuwe bifite igipimo cya 70% cy'ubusembwa bwo gucukurwa.
31. Ni ibihe bintu byo kugenzura PCBA yavuguruwe?

Harimo igenzura ry’amaso, ibizamini by’amashanyarazi (uburyo bikomeza, ubushobozi bwo kwirinda gushyushya), n’ibizamini by’imikorere. Igenzura ry’amaso rigaragaza inenge zigaragara hagati ya 70% na 80%.
32. Ni gute wasuzuma ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubigenzura?

Reba neza niba hari imiyoboro yuzuye kandi yoroshye idafite aho ibohera, aho ibohera cyangwa aho ibohera; menya neza ko imiyoboro yuzuye kandi ko idakomeretse. Ni ngombwa kubahiriza amahame ya IPC-A-610.
33. Ni uruhe ruhare rw'igenzura rya X-ray mu ivugurura rya PCBA?

Imenya ubwiza bw'ibice bya BGA/CSP, ikamenya aho bikonjesha, imipira yacitse, n'ubusa, hamwe n'igipimo cyo kumenya inenge kirenga 95% ku bibazo by'imbere.
34. Ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga (Ikizamini cyo mu gihe cyo gusimbuka) nyuma yo gusubiramo imirimo ni irihe?

Ipima imikorere y'amashanyarazi binyuze mu bikoresho byo kuryamaho, ikamenya ibibazo by'amakabutura magufi, ibyo ifungura, n'ibipimo by'ibice byayo, ikora kuri 80%-90% by'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi.
35. Ni gute isuzuma ry'imikorere ryemeza ko ivugururwa rikora neza?

Shyira PCBA muri sisitemu kugira ngo wigane imiterere nyayo y'akazi kandi ugerageze imikorere, umenye 90% by'ibibazo by'imikorere biterwa no gusudira.
36. Ni izihe mpamvu n'ibisubizo byo gushongesha ibintu mu buryo bukonje nyuma yo gusubiramo imirimo?

Impamvu: udupapuro twanduye, ubushyuhe budahagije, ubwinshi bw'amazi mu kirere. Ibisubizo: ongera usukure udupapuro, hindura ubushyuhe/igihe, hanyuma usimbuze ubwinshi bw'amazi mu kirere n'ubundi buryo bwiza.
37. Ni gute twakemura ibibazo byo guhuza inzira?

Kuraho solder irenze ukoresheje urutambi/icyuma gikuraho solder, hindura ubushyuhe bwo gusoldera n'umuvuduko w'umwuka kugira ngo wirinde gushonga. Gukoresha neza bituma isanwa rigera kuri 95%.
38. Ni izihe mpamvu zishobora gutuma ibice by'icyuma binanirwa gukora nyuma yo gushongesha?

Impamvu zishobora gutera: kwangirika kw'ibice, gushyuha cyane mu gihe cyo gusora, polarity isubira inyuma. Imibare igaragaza ko ibyangiritse ku bice bigize 40%, gushyuha cyane ku kigero cya 30%.
39. Ni gute wakwitwara mu gihe cyo guhindura imiterere ya PCB nyuma yo kuyivugurura?

Kosora imiterere mito y'imiterere y'ibikoresho ukoresheje ubushyuhe; simbura PCB mu gihe cy'imiterere ikomeye y'ibikoresho. Kugenzura ubushyuhe/igihe bigabanya imiterere y'ibikoresho ku kigero cya 60%.
40. Ni gute wakwirinda kwangirika kwa ESD ku bice byayo mu gihe cyo kuyivugurura?

Koresha intebe zo gukoreraho zidafite ESD, imishumi y'ukuboko, n'udupira two gukurura udupira; komeza ubushuhe bwa RH kuri 40%-60% kugira ngo ugabanye kwangirika kwa ESD ho 90%.
41. Ni izihe ngamba zo kwirinda mu gihe cyo kuvugurura PCBA?

Abakoresha bagomba kwambara indorerwamo/uturindantoki kugira ngo hirindwe ubushyuhe; ibikoresho byo hasi kugira ngo hirindwe amashanyarazi; gushyira ibimenyetso by'uburinzi ku bikoresho bishyushye.
42. Ni gute imyanda yavuye mu gihe cyo kuyivugurura yajugunywa?

Ibice by'imyanda, solder, na flux ni imyanda iteje akaga, ikenera gutabwa n'ibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa; amazi meza agomba kuzuza amabwiriza ya GB 8978 yo gusohora imyanda.
43. Ni ibihe bisabwa ku mutekano mu kubika no gukoresha flux?

Ibyinshi mu binyabiziga birashya kandi bigomba kubikwa ahantu hakonje kandi hafite umwuka kure y’aho inkongi zituruka; irinde ko byagera ku ruhu/amaso kandi woge amazi ako kanya iyo bigaragaye.
44. Ni gute wakwirinda inkongi mu bikoresho byo kongera gukoresha?

Sukura buri gihe ibisigazwa bya solder hanyuma uvaneho ibikoresho; shyiraho uburyo bwo kurinda ubushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo buzime mu buryo bwikora iyo ubushyuhe burenze urugero.
45. Ni ibihe bisabwa ku bidukikije kugira ngo hakorwe ivugurura rya PCBA?

Ugomba kubahiriza amabwiriza ya RoHS, kugabanya ibintu bishobora guteza akaga nka lead/mercury/cadmium, kugabanya ihindagurika ry’ikirere, no gukoresha ibikoresho byo gusukura bitangiza ibidukikije.
46. Ni gute wakongera imikorere myiza ya PCBA?

Kunoza imikorere, gukoresha ibikoresho byikora, no guhugura ababikora. Ibikoresho byikora bishobora kongera imikorere ku kigero cya 30%-50%.
47. Ni gute wagabanya ikiguzi cyo kuvugurura PCBA?

Gabanya ivugurura rya kabiri bitewe n'imikorere idahwitse, hitamo ibikoresho/ibikoresho neza, kandi utunganye inzira kugira ngo ugabanye igipimo cy'inenge cya mbere. Ivugurura rya kabiri rigira 25%-35% by'ikiguzi cyose.
48. Ni gute wagabanya inenge zo gushongesha hakoreshejwe kunoza imikorere?

Kunoza ibipimo by'imikorere, guhitamo flux/solder ikwiye, no kongera igenzura rya mbere no gupima mu gihe cy'ibikorwa. Kunoza imikorere bishobora kugabanya igipimo cy'ubusembwa ku kigero cya 40%-60%.
49. Ni iki gisobanura kugena uburyo bwo kuvugurura PCBA?

Binoza ubuziranenge, bigabanya amakosa y’abakozi, byorohereza amahugurwa y’abakozi bashya, kandi bikongera imikorere myiza. Gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza y’ubuziranenge bishobora kugabanya ihindagurika ry’ibipimo by’ubusembwa ku kigero cya 50%.
50. Ni gute wasuzuma niba ibikorwa byo kuvugurura PCBA ari inyangamugayo?

Gukora ibizamini byo gusaza (amasaha 24-100) n'ibizamini byo ku bidukikije (ubushyuhe bwinshi/ubushuhe/gutigita) ku bicuruzwa byavuguruwe kugira ngo harebwe ko ari iby'ukuri igihe kirekire.
51. Ni ibihe biranga PCBA ivanze (SMT + THT) kuvugurura?

Ni ngombwa gusuzuma ibisabwa ku ivugurura ry'ibice bya SMT na THT. Mu gukuraho ibice bya THT, hagomba kwitabwaho ingaruka ku bikoresho bya SMT. Ingorane zo kuvugurura ziruta 30%-50% ugereranyije n'ibice bya SMT byuzuye.
52. Ni ibihe bisabwa byihariye kugira ngo hakorwe ivugurura rya PCB ihinduka?

Ibikoresho byoroshye kandi byoroshye guhinduranya, bityo hakenewe ibikoresho byihariye byo gukosorwa; ubushyuhe bugomba kuba buri hagati ya 10-20°C ugereranyije n'ubwa PCB ikomeye kugira ngo hirindwe kwangiza substrate.
53. Ni izihe ngorane zo kuvugurura PCB ifite urwego rwinshi?

Uruziga rw'imbere ruragoye, kandi ubushyuhe ntibungana mu gihe cyo gushyuha, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutera uruziga rugufi cyangwa uruziga rufunguye rw'imbere; gusana pad biragoye, kandi igipimo cyo gusubiramo ni 50%-60% gusa.
54. Ni gute wavugurura PCBA ukoresheje igipfundikizo cyo kuyirinda?

Kuraho igipfundikizo cy'uburinzi hanyuma urinde ibice by'imbere. Ongera ugishyiremo nyuma yo kongera gukora kugira ngo urebe ko uburinzi buzaba bwiza. Gukoresha nabi bizagira ingaruka ku buryo amashanyarazi akoreshwa.
55. Ni iyihe nzira yo kuvugurura PCBA hakoreshejwe substrate ya ceramic?

Ifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe bwiza kandi irakomera cyane. Ikeneye gushyuha vuba kugira ngo wirinde gucika bitewe n'ubwinshi bw'ibipimo byayo, kandi umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe ni byiza kugenzurwa kuri 5-10℃ / s.
56. Ni ubuhe bumenyi bukenewe ku bakozi ba PCBA bavugurura imirimo?

Bagomba kuba bazi ubuhanga nko kumenya ibice by’ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga ryo gusudira, gukoresha ibikoresho, no gusesengura amakosa, no kumenya amahame ngenderwaho nka IPC-A-61. Igipimo cy’ubusembwa bw’abakozi bahuguwe by’umwuga kiri hasi ho 40% ugereranyije n’ubw’abashya.
57. Ni gute wahugura abakozi ba PCBA kuvugurura imirimo?

Irimo amahugurwa y’inyigisho (ubumenyi bw’imikorere, ibipimo ngenderwaho) n’amahugurwa ngiro (imikorere y’ibikoresho, imyitozo yo gusudira), hamwe n’isuzuma nyuma y’amahugurwa, kandi muri rusange ukwezi ni icyumweru 1-2.
58. Imicungire y'inyandiko z'ivugurura rya PCBA ikubiyemo iki?

Irimo amabwiriza yo kuvugurura imikorere, ibitabo by'amabwiriza agenga imikorere y'ibikoresho, amahame ngenderwaho yo kugenzura ubuziranenge, inyandiko zo kuvugurura imikorere, nibindi, bishobora kunoza uburyo bwo gukurikirana no gusesengura ibibazo.
59. Ni gute wakora igenzura ry'ubuziranenge mu gikorwa cyo kuvugurura PCBA?

Shyiraho ibintu by'ingenzi byo kugenzura (nk'ugukuraho ibice, gusukura pad, gusudira, nibindi), kandi ukore igenzura rya mbere, kugenzura irondo no kugenzura ibicuruzwa byarangiye, bishobora kugabanya igipimo cy'ubusembwa ho 30%-40%.
60. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kunoza buhoraho bwo kuvugurura PCBA?

Gukusanya amakuru yo kuvugurura kugira ngo basesengure ibibazo, bakore ibizamini byo kunoza ibipimo, kandi bashyireho ikoranabuhanga rishya n'ibikoresho, bishobora kongera imikorere ku kigero cya 10%-15% buri mwaka.
61. Ni ibihe bipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo ikoreshwa mu gusora bundi bushya?

Hitamo ukurikije ubwoko bw'umwimerere bwa PCBA solder, shyira imbere ibicuruzwa bifite imiterere isa, kandi utekereze ku mikorere nk'aho ishongesha, ubushobozi bwo gutosesha, n'uburyo bwo kwizerwa.
62. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ihindagurika n'uburyo rikoreshwa mu kuvugurura?

Zigabanyijemo umuyoboro udafite isuku, umuyoboro ushongesha amazi n'umuyoboro ushingiye kuri rosine. Umuyoboro udafite isuku ukwiriye igihe hakenewe isuku nke, naho umuyoboro ushongesha amazi ukwiriye gusukurwa ariko hagomba kwitabwaho ibisigaye.
63. Ni uruhe ruhare rwa kole ya patch mu kuvugurura imikorere?

Ikoreshwa mu gusana ibice bito cyangwa gukumira kwimuka mu gihe cyo gusudira, kandi igomba kugira imbaraga nziza zo gufatanya (≥5N/mm²) no kwihanganira ubushyuhe.
64. Ni gute wahitamo ibikoresho byo gusukura bikwiye?

Hitamo ukurikije ubwoko bw'amazi asohoka (nk'inzoga ya isopropyl ikoreshwa muri rosin), kandi utekereze ku kurengera ibidukikije, ingese n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere.
65. Ni ibihe bisabwa mu igenzura ry’ibice bishya by’ibikoresho?

Ni ngombwa kugenzura icyitegererezo, ibisobanuro, imiterere, imikorere y'amashanyarazi, nibindi kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ibikoresho by'umwimerere bihuye neza. Ibikoresho bitazagera neza byongera igipimo cyo kunanirwa gukora ku kigero cya 20%.
66. Ni ibihe bipimo by'isuku ya buri munsi ya sitasiyo ikora ibikoresho bishyushye?

Sukura imyanda iri mu muyoboro w'umwuka kugira ngo wirinde kuziba, reba uko umuyoboro w'ubushyuhe uhagaze kandi ugenzure ubushyuhe buri gihe, kandi ushyire amavuta ku bice bya mashini. Kuziba kw'umuyoboro w'umwuka byongera igipimo cy'ubusembwa bwo gusudira ho 15%.
67. Ni iki gikorwa cyo gupima imikorere ya sitasiyo ya BGA?

Ubushyuhe bupimwa rimwe mu kwezi (ikosa ≤±1℃), naho uburebure bwa Z-axis bupimwa rimwe mu gihembwe (ubuziranenge ≤±0.05mm). Ibidapimwa bishobora kongera igipimo cy'ubusa bwo gusudira ho 20%.
68. Ni izihe ngorane n'ibisubizo bisanzwe by'ipompo ikuraho irangi?

Kudakura bihagije: gusimbuza impeta yo gufunga ipompe ikuraho umugozi n'intoki, kugenzura pompe ikoresha umwuka cyangwa gusukura aho ipompe ikuraho umugozi ifunga; kudashobora gukuraho umugozi: kugenzura niba umugozi wangiritse cyangwa wafunze, gusimbuza no gusukura umugozi usigaye.
69. Ni kangahe ibintu bishyushya bya station ya infrared bigomba gusimburwa?

Muri rusange, irasimburwa buri mwaka 1-2 bitewe n'inshuro ikoreshwa. Nyuma yo gusaza, ubushyuhe buragabanuka, kandi igipimo cy'ubusembwa bwo gusudira kiyongeraho hafi 12%.
70. Ni ibihe bintu byo kubungabunga mikorosikopi yo gusubiramo ibintu?

Sukura buri gihe lens ukoresheje urupapuro rwa lens rwihariye, wirinde kugongana kugira ngo wirinde ko ibice by'urumuri bivaho, kandi ugenzure uburebure bw'inyuma buri mwaka kugira ngo urebe neza ko amashusho agaragara neza.
71. Ni gute wavugurura PCBA ifunze?

Banza ukoreshe imiti ivangavanga (nk'acetone) kugira ngo ushongeshe ibikoresho byo gufunga, usubiremo ukurikije inzira isanzwe nyuma yo kubikuraho, hanyuma wongere ubishyiremo nyuma yo kubikora, witondere uburyo ibintu bigenda bihinduka n'uburyo bikira.
72. Iyo hari ibice byinshi bifite inenge kuri PCBA, ni gute wamenya uburyo bwo kuvugurura imikorere?

Hagomba kwitabwaho gukuraho ibice binini kandi bitanga ubushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka ku bice byasanwe; gukurikiza ihame kuva ku byoroshye kugeza ku bigoye kugira ngo ugabanye ibyago.
73. Ni gute wavugurura ibice bidasanzwe bya paki (nk'iyitwa Flip-Chip)?

Ibikoresho byihariye (nk'ahantu ho gusimbuza chip) birakenewe, kandi hakoreshwa ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyushya hakoreshejwe laser cyangwa ikoranabuhanga ryo gusudira hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga. Ibipimo bigenwa binyuze mu isuzuma mbere y'uko bitangira, kandi igipimo cy'intsinzi gikunze kuba 60%-70%.
74. Ni gute wakemura ibibazo by'imiyoboro migufi mu gihe cyo kuvugurura PCBA?

Koresha multimeter kugira ngo ugerageze uburyo bwo gukomeza ibikorwa byawe kugira ngo umenye aho umurongo w’amashanyarazi uherereye, kandi ugenzure kandi ukemure ibibazo nko guhuza ibisigazwa by’amashanyarazi, kudahuza neza kw’ibice byayo, ndetse no kwangirika kw’umuyoboro wa PCB.
75. Ni iki cyakorwa iyo habayeho ikibazo cy’ibimenyetso muri PCBA nyuma yo gusubiramo imirimo?

Genzura niba ubutaka ari bwiza kandi ko igifuniko cyo kurinda cyashyizweho, reba niba umurongo w'ikimenyetso wangiritse mu gihe cyo gusudira, koresha icyuma gisesengura imiterere y'amashanyarazi kugira ngo umenye aho ikibazo cyaturutse, kandi ufate ingamba nko kurinda no kuyungurura.
76. Ni izihe ngero z'ubwenge bw'ubukorano mu ivugurura rya PCBA?

Sesengura amakuru avuguruye binyuze mu kwiga imashini kugira ngo umenye inenge, ukoreshe uburyo bwo kumenya ibintu mu buryo bwihuse kugira ngo umenye ibice bifite inenge, kandi uhindure neza ibipimo by'ibikoresho kugira ngo wongere imikorere n'ubwiza.
77. Ni iyihe gahunda y'iterambere ry'ibikoresho byo kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga mu gihe kizaza?

Izatera imbere mu guhuza neza cyane kandi mu buryo bwinshi (nk'uburyo bwo guhuza igenzura rya X-ray, gutera umupira mu buryo bwikora, gusudira, nibindi), kandi ihuze na sisitemu ya MES kugira ngo inoze imicungire y'ubwenge.
78. Ni iyihe cyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rigamije kuvugurura ibidukikije?

Guteza imbere uburyo bwo gusukura no kugabanya ibidukikije, guteza imbere ibikoresho bikoresha ingufu nke, no gushakisha ikoranabuhanga ryo kuvugurura ibintu mu buryo budasenya kugira ngo bigabanye umwanda n'imyanda y'umutungo kamere.
79. Ni izihe ngaruka ikoranabuhanga rya 3D ryagize ku ivugurura rya PCBA?

Ishobora gukora vuba ibikoresho byo kuvugurura kugira ngo igabanye ikiguzi, kandi ikoreshwa mu gusana ibyangiritse bya PCB (nk'imirongo iyobora ibyuma) kugira ngo yorohereze inzira zigoye.
80. Ni izihe ngingo zo guhuza ibikorwa bya PCBA na Inganda 4.0?

Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu kugenzura no kugenzura ibikoresho byo kuvugurura ibikoresho, kunoza imikorere binyuze mu gusesengura amakuru menshi, no gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibicuruzwa kugira ngo kunoze igenzura ry’ubuziranenge.

Uburyo bwo gusana PCBA

1. Ni iyihe gahunda yo kuvugurura PCBA?

2. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yo kuvugurura PCBA no gusana?

3. Ni iyihe nzira y'ibanze yo kuvugurura PCBA?

4. Kuki igikorwa cyo kuvugurura PCBA gikenewe?

5. Ni mu bihe bintu akamaro k'uburyo bwo kuvugurura PCBA kagaragariramo?

6. Ni ibihe bikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu kuvugurura PCBA?

7. Ni iyihe ngingo ngenderwaho y'imikorere ya sitasiyo ikora ibikoresho bishyushye?

8. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya sitasiyo yo kuvugurura BGA n'iyindi sitasiyo isanzwe yo kuvugurura umwuka ushyushye?

9. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ipompo zikoresha mu gukuraho ifu n'imiterere yazo ikwiye?

10. Ni gute wahitamo uburyo bwo kongera ubushobozi bwa mikorosikopi yo gusubiramo?

11. Ni gute washyiraho ubushyuhe bwa sitasiyo ishyushye yo kuvugurura umwuka?

12. Ni gute washyiraho umurongo w'ubushyuhe kugira ngo BGA ivugururwe?

13. Ni izihe ngaruka z'umuvuduko w'umwuka ukoreshwa mu kuvugurura imikorere y'ikigo cy'umwuka ushyushye ku ivugurura?

14. Ni iyihe gahunda ikwiye yo kugena igihe cyo kuvugurura ibyuma?

15. Ni gute wahindura imbaraga zo gushyushya za sitasiyo ya infrared rework?

16. Ni gute wakuraho ibice bya QFP bipakiye?

17. Ni izihe ntambwe z'ingenzi zo gukuraho ibice bya BGA?

18. Ni iki kigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo gukuraho ibice bya polar (nk'ibice bya electrolytic capacitors)?

19. Ni gute wakuraho ibice bishongeshejwe ku gice cy'imbere cya PCB?

20. Ni gute wakwirinda kwangiza PCB mu gihe ukuraho ibice?

21. Ni gute wasukura icupa risigaye ku gipfundikizo?

22. Ni gute wahangana n'ikibazo cyo gushonga kw'ibice by'amazi?

23. Ni gute wasana agapapuro kari kavuyemo?

24. Ni gute wakwizeza ko pad iramba nyuma yo gusukura?

25. Ese udupapuro two gupfunyikamo imyenda tugomba gusukurwa nyuma yo gusukurwa?

26. Ni iyihe myiteguro ikenewe mbere yo gushongesha ibice bishya?

27. Ni gute wasoda udupaki duto nka 0201?

28. Ni gute wasuzuma ubwiza bw'ibice bya BGA bishongeshwa?

29. Ni gute wakwirinda ko ibice bihinduka mu gihe cyo gushongesha?

30. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y’ibice bishongesha ibikoresho bitandukanye by’icyuma gishongesha?

31. Ni ibihe bintu byo kugenzura PCBA yavuguruwe?

32. Ni gute wasuzuma ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubigenzura?

33. Ni uruhe ruhare rw'igenzura rya X-ray mu ivugurura rya PCBA?

34. Ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga (Ikizamini cyo mu gihe cyo gusimbuka) nyuma yo gusubiramo imirimo ni irihe?

35. Ni gute isuzuma ry'imikorere ryemeza ko ivugururwa rikora neza?

36. Ni izihe mpamvu n'ibisubizo byo gushongesha ibintu mu buryo bukonje nyuma yo gusubiramo imirimo?

37. Ni gute twakemura ibibazo byo guhuza inzira?

38. Ni izihe mpamvu zishobora gutuma ibice by'icyuma binanirwa gukora nyuma yo gushongesha?

39. Ni gute wakwitwara mu gihe cyo guhindura imiterere ya PCB nyuma yo kuyivugurura?

40. Ni gute wakwirinda kwangirika kwa ESD ku bice byayo mu gihe cyo kuyivugurura?

41. Ni izihe ngamba zo kwirinda mu gihe cyo kuvugurura PCBA?

42. Ni gute imyanda yavuye mu gihe cyo kuyivugurura yajugunywa?

43. Ni ibihe bisabwa ku mutekano mu kubika no gukoresha flux?

44. Ni gute wakwirinda inkongi mu bikoresho byo kongera gukoresha?

45. Ni ibihe bisabwa ku bidukikije kugira ngo hakorwe ivugurura rya PCBA?

46. ​​Ni gute wakongera imikorere myiza ya PCBA?

47. Ni gute wagabanya ikiguzi cyo kuvugurura PCBA?

48. Ni gute wagabanya inenge zo gushongesha hakoreshejwe kunoza imikorere?

49. Ni iki gisobanura kugena uburyo bwo kuvugurura PCBA?

50. Ni gute wasuzuma niba ibikorwa byo kuvugurura PCBA ari inyangamugayo?

51. Ni ibihe biranga PCBA ivanze (SMT + THT) kuvugurura?

52. Ni ibihe bisabwa byihariye kugira ngo hakorwe ivugurura rya PCB ihinduka?

53. Ni izihe ngorane zo kuvugurura PCB ifite urwego rwinshi?

54. Ni gute wavugurura PCBA ukoresheje igipfundikizo cyo kuyirinda?

55. Ni iyihe nzira yo kuvugurura PCBA hakoreshejwe substrate ya ceramic?

56. Ni ubuhe bumenyi bukenewe ku bakozi ba PCBA bavugurura imirimo?

57. Ni gute wahugura abakozi ba PCBA kuvugurura imirimo?

58. Imicungire y'inyandiko z'ivugurura rya PCBA ikubiyemo iki?

59. Ni gute wakora igenzura ry'ubuziranenge mu gikorwa cyo kuvugurura PCBA?

60. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kunoza buhoraho bwo kuvugurura PCBA?

61. Ni ibihe bipimo ngenderwaho byo guhitamo ikoreshwa mu gusora bundi bushya?

62. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ihindagurika n'uburyo rikoreshwa mu kuvugurura?

63. Ni uruhe ruhare rwa kole ya patch mu kuvugurura imikorere?

64. Ni gute wahitamo ibikoresho byo gusukura bikwiye?

65. Ni ibihe bisabwa mu igenzura ry’ibice bishya by’ibikoresho?

66. Ni ibihe bipimo by'isuku ya buri munsi ya sitasiyo ikora ibikoresho bishyushye?

67. Ni iki gikorwa cyo gupima imikorere ya sitasiyo ya BGA?

68. Ni izihe ngorane n'ibisubizo bisanzwe by'ipompo ikuraho irangi?

69. Ni kangahe ibintu bishyushya bya station ya infrared bigomba gusimburwa?

70. Ni ibihe bintu byo kubungabunga mikorosikopi yo gusubiramo ibintu?

71. Ni gute wavugurura PCBA ifunze?

72. Iyo hari ibice byinshi bifite inenge kuri PCBA, ni gute wamenya uburyo bwo kuvugurura imikorere?

73. Ni gute wavugurura ibice bidasanzwe bya paki (nk'iyitwa Flip-Chip)?

74. Ni gute wakemura ibibazo by'imiyoboro migufi mu gihe cyo kuvugurura PCBA?

75. Ni iki cyakorwa iyo habayeho ikibazo cy’ibimenyetso muri PCBA nyuma yo gusubiramo imirimo?

76. Ni izihe ngero z'ubwenge bw'ubukorano mu ivugurura rya PCBA?

77. Ni iyihe gahunda y'iterambere ry'ibikoresho byo kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga mu gihe kizaza?

78. Ni iyihe cyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rigamije kuvugurura ibidukikije?

79. Ni izihe ngaruka ikoranabuhanga rya 3D ryagize ku ivugurura rya PCBA?

46. Ni gute wakongera imikorere myiza ya PCBA?