Ibyiciro bya Moduli

PCB yashyizwemo

1. PCB iri mu bubiko ni iki?

PCB ishyizwemo ni ikibaho cy’amashanyarazi gifite ibice by’ikoranabuhanga (nk’udupira, resistor, na capacitors) bishyirwa mu byiciro byacyo by’imbere, bigabanya ingano kandi bikanoza imikorere.
2. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya PCB ikoreshwa mu gupima na PCB isanzwe?

PCB zishyirwamo zishobora gutwikira ibice bimwe na bimwe kugira ngo bigabanye umwanya no kugabanya inzira z'ibimenyetso; ibice biri kuri PCB zisanzwe ahanini bishyirwa hejuru.
3. Ni ibihe bintu PCB zishyirwamo zikwiriye gukoreshwa?

Bikwiriye ahantu hakenewe ingano n'imikorere, nka telefoni zigendanwa, ibikoresho byambarwa, radar z'imodoka, n'ibikoresho byo mu kirere.
4. Ni iyihe gahunda y'ibanze yo gushushanya PCB zishyirwamo?

Isesengura ry'ibisabwa → igishushanyo mbonera → igenamigambi ry'imiterere (harimo ibice byashyizwemo) → igishushanyo mbonera cy'inzira (cyibanda ku busugire bw'ibimenyetso) → kugenzura amategeko y'igishushanyo mbonera → umusaruro w'amadosiye y'ikibaho.
5. Ni gute wahitamo ibikoresho bya PCB zishyirwamo?

Tekereza ku buryo buhoraho bwo kwagura amashanyarazi, igipimo cyo gutakaza, n'igipimo cyo kwagura amashanyarazi. Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nyinshi, hitamo ibikoresho bifite igipimo cyo kwagura amashanyarazi gito n'igipimo cyo gutakaza gito; kugira ngo ubushyuhe bube bwiza, hitamo ibikoresho bifite igipimo cyo kwagura amashanyarazi gito.
6. Ni ayahe mahame agenga imiterere y'ibice byinjijwe muri PCB?

Gushyira ibice by'ibikoresho hakurikijwe modules zikora kugira ngo inzira z'ibimenyetso zigabanuke; gukwirakwiza ibice bitanga ubushyuhe kugira ngo ubushyuhe bushire; gushyira ibice by'ingenzi kure y'aho urusaku ruturuka; gusuzuma uburyo ibintu bishoboka.
7. Ni gute ibice by’ingenzi (resistor, capacitors, inductors) bishyirwa muri PCB?

Ibirwanya bikorwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho birwanya ikirere ku gice cya dielectric; capacitors zikoresha ibikoresho bifite dielectric nyinshi bitwikiriwe ku rupapuro rw'umuringa cyangwa substrates; ibirwanya ikirere bigerwaho binyuze mu miyoboro izenguruka hagati y'ibice.
8. Ni iki kigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibice bikora (udupira, nibindi) muri PCB?

Menya neza ko amashanyarazi ahuzwa neza, tekereza ku buryo ubushyuhe bushira, ubushobozi bwo kugeragezwa, no kubungabunga, kandi ukurikize amabwiriza y’imiterere y’abakora chips.
9. Ni gute washushanya umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi (PDN) muri PCB zishyizwemo?

Tegura imiterere y'amashanyarazi n'ubutaka hakurikijwe ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi, urebe neza ko imiterere y'amashanyarazi ikora neza, ugabanye ubukana bw'imbere mu kirere n'igabanuka ry'amashanyarazi, kandi utange amashanyarazi ahamye.
10. Ni gute wakwita ku buziranenge bw'ikimenyetso mu gishushanyo cya PCB kirimo?

Genzura uburebure bw'urukurikirane rw'amakuru, shyiraho ubugari bw'urukurikirane n'intera ikwiye kugira ngo ugabanye kuvugana, uhuze impedance y'ibimenyetso byihuse, kandi ugabanye ingaruka z'ibipimo bya parasitiki.
11. Igipimo rusange cyo kohereza ibimenyetso bya PCB zishyizwemo ni ikihe?

Bitewe n'ibikoresho n'imiterere y'inzira, ishobora kugera kuri Gbps nyinshi cyangwa zirenga iyo ikozwe neza, nko kurenza Gbps 10 mu bikoresho by'itumanaho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
12. Ni gute wabara impedance iranga ibimenyetso muri PCB zashyizwemo?

Koresha formula nka formula ya microstrip line (Z0 = (87/√(εr+1.41))×ln(5.98H/(0.8W+T))) cyangwa formula za stripline, cyangwa ukoreshe porogaramu yo gushushanya mu kubara.
13. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka ku kugabanuka kw'ibimenyetso muri PCB zashyizwemo?

Igira ingaruka ku gihombo cy'ibikoresho (igihombo cya dielectric/conductor), uburebure bw'ikimenyetso, inshuro z'ikimenyetso, umubare w'inzira, hamwe no kudahuza kwa impedance.
14. Ni gute wagabanya ikibazo cy’amashanyarazi (EMI) muri PCB zishyizwemo?

Gutandukanya imiterere ya analogi na digitale, kurinda ibimenyetso by’ubuhanga, kwemeza ko ingufu n’indege zo ku butaka ari ingenzi, gukoresha filter circuits, no kunoza ibimenyetso kugira ngo ugabanye agace k’uruziga.
15. Ni gute wagera ku butaka bwiza muri PCB zashyizwemo?

Shyiraho imiyoboro minini yo gushingira hasi, wongere inzira zo gushingira hasi, gabanya inzira zo gushingira hasi, hanyuma uhitemo gushingira hasi mu buryo bumwe/mu buryo bwinshi/mu buryo buvanze ukurikije inshuro.
16. Ni gute wakora isesengura ry’ubuziranenge bw’imbaraga kuri PCB zashyizwemo?

Sesengura ibipimo nka impedance y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, kugabanuka k'amashanyarazi, n'ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi binyuze muri porogaramu ya simulation kugira ngo usuzume ingaruka no kunoza.
17. Ni izihe nyungu zo kohereza ibimenyetso bitandukanye muri PCB zishyizwemo?

Ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kurwanya kubangamirana, gukumira kubangamirana kwa common-mode, kunoza umuvuduko wo kohereza no kwizera, no koroshya inzira yo kohereza amakuru mu buryo buhanitse.
18. Ni gute wakora differential pair traces muri PCBs zishyizwemo?

Komeza guhuza uburebure (itandukaniro ≤ 10% by'intera yo kohereza ijyanye n'inkombe y'izamuka ry'ikimenyetso), ubugari n'intera imwe y'aho ikimenyetso giherereye, inzitizi yo kugenzura (urugero, 100Ω), kandi wirinde kuvugana hagati y'amajwi.
19. Ni izihe ngingo z'ingenzi zigomba gukurikizwa mu gushushanya ibimenyetso byihuse cyane muri PCB zishyizwemo?

Gabanya ingano ukoresheje, ongera anti-pad, ongeramo grounding vias hirya no hino, kandi ugenzure aspect ratio (≤6).
20. Ni gute wasuzuma imikorere y'amashanyarazi ya PCB zishyizwemo?

Kora isesengura ry’ubuziranenge bw’ibimenyetso, ubuziranenge bw’ingufu, n’isesengura rya EMI simulation, kandi ugerageze prototypes (urugero, ukoresheje analyzers za network na oscilloscopes).
21. Ubunini bwa PCB zishyizwemo bugaragazwa bute?

Bigenwa n'uburebure bw'ibice, umubare w'ibice, imbaraga za mekanike, n'uburyo bwo kubikoresha, nka 0.5-1.5mm ku bikoresho bya terefone zigendanwa na 1.6-3.2mm ku bikoresho by'inganda.
22. Ni ibihe bintu bigomba kwitabwaho mu miterere y'imiterere ya PCB zishyizwemo?

Tekereza guteranya n'ibindi bice, imbaraga za mekanike, umwanya wo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, n'ingaruka z'ibice byinjizwamo ku mikorere ya mekanike.
23. Ni gute wakora igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubushyuhe kuri PCB zishyizwemo?

Shyiraho neza ibice bitanga ubushyuhe, ongeramo imiyoboro itwara ubushyuhe (urugero: imyobo itwara ubushyuhe, icyuma gifunganye), hitamo ibikoresho bitwara ubushyuhe bwinshi, ongeramo ibikoresho bitwara ubushyuhe niba bibaye ngombwa, kandi ukoreshe uburyo bwo gupima ubushyuhe neza.
24. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gushyiraho PCB zishyizwemo?

Uburyo busanzwe burimo gufunga vis, gufunga clip, no gufunga soldering, bikwiye gukoreshwa mu kubungabunga cyane, gushyiramo ibintu byoroshye, no gufunga neza.
25. Ni gute wakwirinda ko ibintu binanirwa guterwa no guhindagura kwa PCB?

Ongera imbaraga za mekanike wongera ubugari bw'urubaho cyangwa wongeramo ibintu birukomeza, ukwirakwize uburemere buringaniye, ukoreshe ibikoresho bigabanya impanuka mu gufunga, kandi ukomeze ibice by'ingenzi.
26. Ni ayahe mahame agenga imiterere y'ibikoresho bya PCB bishyirwamo?

Huza agasanduku k'igikoresho, wirinde impande zityaye, tekereza ku buryo bwo kugitunganya (urugero, gukata, gusiga kashe), kandi ushushanye imiterere iyobora ibikoresho.
27. Ni gute wakora igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibikoresho bitatu bikingira amazi (birinda amazi, birinda ivumbi, birwanya ingese) kuri PCB zishyizwemo?

Shyira irangi ririnda ibintu bitatu, koresha imiyoboro idapfa amazi, shyiramo uburyo bwo gufunga, kandi wirinde gushyira ibice by'ingenzi ahantu hashobora guterwa n'amazi/umukungugu mu gihe cyo gushyiraho.
28. Ni gute ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka ku mikorere ya PCB zishyizwemo?

Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora gutuma ikibaho cyaguka kandi ibice byacyo bigahindagurika; ubushyuhe buke bushobora gutuma ibikoresho bicika intege. PCB zo mu rwego rw'inganda zikora kuri -40℃ ~ 85℃, hamwe n'ibisabwa bikomeye ku rwego rwa gisirikare.
29. Ni gute wasuzuma ubwizerwe bwa mekanike bwa PCB zishyizwemo?

Sesengura imiterere n'ikwirakwizwa ry'imihangayiko binyuze mu kwigana imihangayiko ya mekanike, kandi ukore ingaruka, ibizamini byo guhindagura, n'ibizamini byo gusaza by'igihe kirekire.
30. Ni izihe ngaruka zo guhitamo ibikoresho ku mikorere ya mekanike ya PCB zishyizwemo?

Ibikoresho bitandukanye bifite imbaraga zitandukanye za mekanike n'ibipimo byo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe. Urugero, FR-4 ifite imikorere myiza yuzuye ariko ifite igipimo cyo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe kiri hejuru, mu gihe ibikoresho bya polyimide bitanga ubushyuhe bwiza kandi bikagira imbaraga nyinshi za mekanike.
31. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya PCB zishyirwamo na PCB zisanzwe?

PCB zirimo zikenera izindi nzira zo gushyiramo ibice, nko gukora imiterere y’ibice bitandukanye no gushyiramo neza, hamwe n’ibisabwa byinshi mu gucukura no gushyiramo neza.
32. Ni izihe nzira z'ingenzi zo gukora PCB zishyirwamo?

Harimo gusimbuza, gutunganya ibintu mu buryo bwa micro-via (aperture ≤50μm), gushyira ibice mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki, no gutunganya ubuso (urugero: gusiga zahabu, gutera imashini mu cyuma).
33. Ni gute wakwizeza ko ingano y'ibikoresho bya PCB ikora neza?

Garagaza ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu mu buryo bunoze, koresha ibikoresho bifite ubuhanga bwo hejuru (nk'imashini zicukura za CNC), kandi ukore igenzura rikomeye ry'ibipimo n'impinduka mu mikorere muri buri gikorwa.
34. Ni izihe ngingo z'ingenzi zo kugenzura ubuziranenge mu gukora PCB zishyizwemo?

Genzura ibikoresho fatizo (imbaho, ibice), kurikirana ibipimo bya lamination/drilling/plating, koresha X-ray na flying probe tests kugira ngo umenye isano y'imbere n'imikorere y'amashanyarazi, kandi ukore igenzura ryuzuye ry'ibicuruzwa byarangiye.
35. Ni izihe nenge zishobora kubaho mu gukora PCB zishyizwemo?

Udupira two gufunga/gutandukanya, gucukura ibintu mu buryo butaringaniye/aharimo ubugari, guhuza ibice bidahuye neza/gukoresha amashanyarazi make, gutunganya neza ubuso, gutandukanya imiterere, nibindi.
36. Ni gute wakemura ikibazo cy'udupira twa lamination mu nganda za PCB zirimo gucukurwa?

Ongera ubushyuhe bwa lamination, umuvuduko, n'igihe, shyiramo utubati mbere yo gukuraho ubushuhe n'imyanda, kandi ukoreshe lamination y'umwuka mu buryo bworoshye kugira ngo usuke umwuka.
37. Ni gute wakwizeza ubuziranenge bwa micro-vias mu nganda za PCB zishyizwemo?

Koresha ibikoresho byo gucukura bifite ubuhanga bwo hejuru kugira ngo ugenzure ibipimo, ukoreshe uduce duto two gushushanya ku nkuta z'imyobo kugira ngo wongere uburyo bwo gufatana kw'umuringa, kandi umenye ubuziranenge binyuze mu gukata ibice bya metallographic.
38. Ni gute wakwizeza ko ibice byashyizwemo ibikoresho byizerwa mu gihe cyo gukora?

Gusuzuma no gusuzuma ibice mbere yo gushyiramo ibikoresho, kunoza uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibikoresho kugira ngo habeho guhuza neza, no gukora ibizamini byuzuye by'amashanyarazi n'igerageza ryizewe nyuma yo gukora.
39. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka ku kiguzi cyo gukora PCB zishyizwemo?

Biterwa n'ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho (ibikoresho bikora neza birahenze cyane), uburyo ibintu bihinduka (urugero, micro-vias, gushyiramo ibice), ingano y'umusaruro, n'ikiguzi cyo kugenzura.
40. Ni gute wahitamo uruganda rukora PCB rukwiye?

Gukora iperereza ku mbaraga za tekiniki (ibikoresho, inzira), uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge, ingero z'umusaruro, ibitekerezo by'abakiriya, ibiciro, n'igihe cyo gutanga ibicuruzwa.
41. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gupima PCB zishyirwamo?

Harimo igenzura ry’amaso, isuzuma ry’amashanyarazi (multimeter, oscilloscope, network analyzer), isuzuma ry’imikorere, isuzuma rya X-ray, isuzuma rya probe iguruka, nibindi.
42. Ni gute wakora isuzuma rya "in-circuit" (ICT) kuri PCB zashyizwemo?

Koresha icyuma gikoresha ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo uhuze n'aho upimye kandi umenye ibipimo by'amashanyarazi, imiyoboro migufi, imiyoboro ifunguye, ibipimo bihindagurika, n'ibindi. Imiyoboro igomba kuba yarabitswe mu gishushanyo.
43. Ni iki kigomba kwitabwaho mu igeragezwa ry’imikorere ya PCB zishyizwemo?

Kwigana imiterere y'aho akazi gakorerwa, imikorere y'ibizamini byuzuye, gukurikiza uko ibizamini by'ibanze kugeza ku bigoye, no kwandika no gusesengura ibitagenda neza.
44. Ni gute wakoresha isuzuma ryo gupima imipaka (JTAG) kuri PCB zishyizwemo?

Koresha uburyo bwa JTAG bwo gukoresha utunyangingo tw’imbere twa chip, kumenya imiterere ya pin n’imikoranire ya inter-chip, no kumenya amakosa ya open na short circuit.
45. Ni gute wakora isuzuma ry'ikosa rya PCB zashyizwemo?

Banza urebe uko ibintu bimeze (ibice byahiye, ingingo zacitse), hanyuma ukore ibizamini by'amashanyarazi kugira ngo ugabanye ingano y'ikosa, usesengure isano rishoboka hashingiwe ku gishushanyo, hanyuma ukoreshe uburyo bwo gusimbuza kugira ngo umenye aho ikosa riherereye.
46. Ni iyihe ngorane yo kubungabunga ibice byinjijwe muri PCB?

Ni ndende cyane, kuko ibice biri mu byiciro by'imbere. Bisaba gukuraho witonze ibice byo hejuru kugira ngo hagaragare aho ikibazo kiri, kongera gusimbuza kugira ngo hagaruke ubuziranenge nyuma yo kubungabungwa, no kwirinda ingaruka ku zindi nsinga.
47. Ni gute wakwirinda kwangiza ibindi bice mu gihe cyo kubungabunga?

Koresha ibikoresho bigezweho cyane nka ibikoresho byo gusudira bifite aho bibohera n'udupira tw'ubushyuhe. Tegura gahunda yo kubungabunga mbere y'igihe kandi ukoreshe ubushyuhe bwo mu gace runaka kugira ngo ugenzure ubushyuhe.
48. Ni gute wagenzura ubuziranenge nyuma yo kubungabunga?

Gukora ibizamini by'amashanyarazi (ubuziranenge bw'ibimenyetso, ubuziranenge bw'amashanyarazi), ibizamini by'imikorere, n'ibizamini by'ubuziranenge (gusaza, kunyeganyega).
49. Ni gute hashyirwaho uburyo bwo gupima no kubungabunga?

Gutegura gahunda z'ibizamini, uburyo bwo gusuzuma amakosa, ibipimo by'imikorere yo kubungabunga, n'uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge.
50. Ni ibihe bikoresho byo gupima no kubungabunga PCB zishyirwamo?

Ibikoresho byo gupima: multimeter, oscilloscope, network analyzer, nibindi. Ibikoresho byo kubungabunga: ibikoresho byo gusudira bya micro-spot, imbunda ishyushye, nibindi.
51. Ni gute wahitamo resistor zishyirwa kuri PCB?

Tekereza ku buryo buboneye bwo guhangana n'ingufu, ubushobozi bwo gupima, n'ubushyuhe. Hitamo resistor ukurikije ibisabwa kuri serivise.
52. Ni iyihe mirimo ya capacitors zishyirwa muri PCB?

Ikoreshwa mu kuyungurura, gutandukanya, kubika ingufu, guhuza ibimenyetso, n'ibindi.
53. Ni gute wamenya ibipimo bya inductors zishyirwamo?

Menya ukurikije inshuro z'imikorere, inductance, n'ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Ku bijyanye no kuyungurura ingufu, tekereza ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
54. Ni ibihe bintu bigomba kwitabwaho mu guhitamo chips zishyizwemo?

Tekereza ku mikorere, ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi, ubwoko bw'ipaki, uburyo bwizewe, n'ubufasha bw'uruganda.
55. Ni gute wakwemeza ko ibice bigize igikoresho bihuye n’ibikoresho bya PCB?

Huza ibipimo by'amashanyarazi n'ibipimo nyabyo mu gihe cyo gushushanya. Hitamo ibice bihuye n'ibikoresho by'ikibaho n'imikorere yacyo, hanyuma ukore igenzura ry'ibishushanyo.
56. Ni ibihe bisabwa kugira ngo ibice bifatanye bisorishwe?

Ku bice bitagira aho bihurira, genzura ubushyuhe n'igihe kugira ngo wirinde ko bikonjesha. Ku bice bikoresha, koresha ibikoresho bifite ubuhanga bwo hejuru (urugero, kongera gukoresha soldering) kugira ngo urebe ko byangiza ubushyuhe kandi wirinde kwangirika kw'ubushyuhe.
57. Ni gute wasuzuma igihe cy'ubuzima bw'ibice byinjijwemo?

Gereranya igihe cyo kubaho binyuze mu bipimo byihuse byo gusaza, amakuru y’uruganda, no gukurikirana amakuru nyayo y’ibyangiritse mu gihe kirekire.
58. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gutsindwa bushobora kubaho mu bice byashyizwemo?

Ubudahangarwa: ubwihindurize bw'agaciro/urusobe rw'amashanyarazi rufunguye. Capacitor: gusohoka/urusobe rw'amashanyarazi rugufi. Inductor: guhindura inductance/ihindagurika ry'ingufu. Chip: gucika intege/ikosa ry'ipine.
59. Ni gute wacunga ububiko bw'ibice byashyizwemo?

Bika hakurikijwe icyiciro gifite ubushuhe n'uburinzi bwa ESD. Gufata uburyo bwo kubika amakuru kugira ngo wandike amakuru, ufate ingero buri gihe, kandi ugenzure ingano y'ibicuruzwa mu buryo bukwiye.
60. Ni gute wakemura ibibazo byo kuvugana hagati y'amajwi n'amajwi muri PCB?

Ongera intera hagati y'aho ibintu biherereye (≥3 × ubugari), koresha uburyo bwo gutandukanya ubutaka, ongera uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza inzira, kandi uhuze impedance.
61. Ni izihe ngaruka za vias ku kohereza ibimenyetso?

Shyiramo parasite, bishobora gutera igihombo no gutinda ku murongo wo hejuru. Inzira zo gukoresha ibimenyetso biri hejuru ya 10GHz zigomba kugira umurambararo wa
62. Ni gute wakwitwara mu gihe cyo gusohora ESD (electrostatic discharge) muri PCB?

Ongeraho ibikoresho byo kurinda ESD (urugero, diode za TVS), shyiraho inzira zo gusohora ESD, kandi ugumishe ibimenyetso by'urufunguzo kuri ≥2mm uvuye ku nkengero z'ikibaho.
63. Ni gute wamenya uburyo BGA soldering idakora neza?

Koresha X-ray kugira ngo urebe ingingo z'imbere zikoreshwa mu gusoda. Uburebure bw'ingingo bugomba kuba hagati ya mm 0.4 na mm 0.6, kandi igipimo cy'ubusa kigomba kuba ≤15%.
64. Ni gute wahitamo inzira zo gutunganya ubuso bwa PCB?

ENIG yo gusora hakoreshejwe frequency nyinshi kandi neza. OSP ku giciro gito (igihe cy'amezi 6-8). Ibati ryo gusora mu mazi.
65. Ni gute wagabanya imirasire ya elegitoroniki ituruka kuri PCB?

Shyiraho neza ibifuniko by'ingabo bifite impedance yo hasi
66. Ni izihe ngingo z'ingenzi zo gushushanya ubushyuhe?

Ukoresheje umurambararo wa mm 0.3-0.5, intera iri hagati ya mm 1, ≥100 vias/cm² kugira ngo ubushyuhe bushobore gukwirakwira neza.
67. Ni ibihe bisabwa kugira ngo habeho guhuza uburebure bw'imirongo igenda ku muvuduko mwinshi?

Imirongo y'amakuru ya DDR4: ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira uburebure ± 5mil. Imirongo itandukanye ya PCIe: ± 2mil.
68. Ni gute hakemurwa ibibazo by’ubuziranenge bw’amashanyarazi muri PCB?

Ongeraho capacitors zo gukuraho (0.1μF ku nshuro nyinshi, 10μF ku nshuro nke). Komeza intera y'ingufu/ubutaka hagati ya
69. Ni iyihe ngenderwaho yemewe kuri PCB warpage?

Igipimo cya IPC: ≤0.7% ku bikorwa bidafite lisansi, ≤0.5% mu turere twa BGA.
70. Ni gute wagera ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'ingufu nke muri PCB?

Koresha ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ingufu, cisha ingufu module zitagira ingufu, hanyuma uhitemo utumashini duto twa IQ (urugero, TI MSP430 series).
71. Ni izihe nyungu zo gukoresha vias zihishe/zitwikiriwe muri PCB?

Kugabanya igihombo cy'ibimenyetso n'ibipimo bya parasitiki, kongera ubucucike bw'inzira. Igiciro kiri hejuru ya 20%-30% ugereranyije n'inzira zinyuramo.
72. Ni gute wakora igenzura rya DFM (igishushanyo mbonera cy’uburyo ibintu bikorwa)?

Koresha ibikoresho bya CAM350 cyangwa Altium DFM kugira ngo urebe ubugari/intera ntoya y'urutonde (≥6mil), igipimo cy'urutonde (≤8:1), n'ibindi.
73. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kuvura PCB bushobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butatu?

Uburyo busanzwe: irangi ritangiza ibintu bitatu (ubugari bwa 0.1-0.3mm), irangi rito (
74. Ni gute wanoza umubare w'ibice by'inzira muri PCB?

Koresha igishushanyo mbonera cya fan-out kugira ngo ugabanye umuvuduko wa BGA routing. Imbuga zifite urwego 4 zijyanye na 80% by'ibikenewe bisanzwe; ≥ urwego 6 ku bishushanyo byihuta cyane.
75. Ni gute wakemura ikibazo cyo gusora mu buryo bukonje nyuma yo gusudira PCB?

Reba isuku y'aho upadiri aherereye, uburebure bw'umusemburo wa solder (0.12-0.15mm), n'ubushyuhe bwo kongera gusohoka (235-245℃).
76. Ni gute wapima ubushobozi bwo kwirinda gushyushya ibikoresho bya PCB?

Koresha megohmmeter ya 500V. Ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe bugomba kuba ≥100MΩ ku bushyuhe bwa ≤60%.
77. Ni gute wagabanya ubwiza bw'ikimenyetso muri PCB?

Koresha resistor zo guhagarika (urugero, imikorere ya DDR ODT) hamwe no kugabanya impedance. Menya neza ko impedance ihinduka
78. Ni izihe ngaruka z'ubugari bw'icyuma gitwara umuriro w'umuringa ku bushobozi bwo kuwutwara?

Umuringa wa oz 1 (35μm): ~1A/mm ubugari bwa trace. 2oz: ~1.5A/mm (ubushyuhe buri hejuru
79. Ni gute wahitamo ibara ry'agapfukamunwa gakoresha irangi?

Umukara ufasha mu gushonga k'ubushyuhe ariko biragoye kubigenzura. Icyatsi kibisi ni cyo gikunze kugaragara. Icyera gifite ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri rwinshi (≈80%).
80. Ni gute wamenya ingano y'umupira wa solder wa BGA?

Ubugari busanzwe: 0.4-0.8 mm. Ingufu: 0.5-1.0 mm. Ingufu ya 0.5 mm ikenera ibice 0201.
81. Ni gute wabara umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe muri PCB?

Koresha porogaramu yo kwigana nka ANSYS, ishingiye ku itandukaniro rya CTE (urugero, FR-4 15ppm/℃, umuringa 17ppm/℃).
82. Ni gute wakemura ibibazo by'urusaku rw'amashanyarazi muri PCB?

Koresha uburyo bwo kuyungurura bw’ibice byinshi (imiyoboro y’ubwoko bwa π). Uduce tw’ingufu dufite ubugari bwa ≥mil 20 kugira ngo ugabanye impedance y’inzira.
83. Ni ibihe bipimo by'imiterere y'aho gupimira?

Umurambararo ≥0.6mm, intera ≥1.27mm. Irangi ry'ubuso ENIG, nta gipfukisho cyo gutwikira.
84. Ni ibihe bisabwa kugira ngo agace k'urukiramende rw'ikimenyetso kabeho mu nzira?

Agace k'urukiramende rw'ikimenyetso gifite iherezo rimwe
85. Ni gute wakemura ibibazo by’ubuziranenge bw’ibimenyetso muri PCB?

Koresha SI9000 kugira ngo ubare impedance, ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ± 10%. Shyiraho guhuza iherezo n'uburyo bwo kunoza imiterere y'imashini.
86. Ni ibihe bipimo ngenderwaho by’ubuziranenge mu gutunganya ibikoresho bya PCB?

Incamake: ± 0.1mm. Umurambararo w'umwobo: ± 0.05mm. Ubujyakuzimu bw'urukuta rwa V: 1/3-2/3 by'ubugari bw'urubaho.
87. Ni ibihe bintu bigomba kwitabwaho mu bijyanye no gukoresha ikimenyetso cy'isaha?

Koresha imirongo ihuye n'uburebure bw'inzoka hamwe n'uburinzi bw'ubutaka. Wirinde imirongo y'amakuru yihuta cyane kandi wirinde kwambukiranya urwego rw'amazi.
88. Ni gute wasuzuma ubwizerwe bwa PCB?

Kora ibizamini byihuse byo gusaza (85℃/85%RH, 1000h) n'ibizamini byo gutigita (5-500Hz, kwihutisha 2G).
89. Ni ayahe mahame agenga igishushanyo mbonera cy'udupira?

Ingano ya padi ni 0.1-0.2mm nini kurusha ibice by'insinga. Ubugari bwa padi ya SMD ni 1.2-1.5× ubugari bwa padi.
90. Ni gute wakemura ibibazo byo gushonga k'ubushyuhe muri PCB?

Ongera ubuso bw'umuringa ushyushye, koresha kole ishyushye (≥1W/mK), hanyuma ufungure inzira zishyushya munsi y'ibice by'amashanyarazi.
91. Ni iki gipimo ngenderwaho cya ESD kuri PCB zishyizwemo?

Dukurikije IEC 61000-4-2: gusohora amazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n'umurongo ±8kV, gusohora umwuka ±15kV, hamwe n'imikorere isanzwe.
92. Ni ibihe bisabwa ku bunini bw'udupfukamunwa two gusoda?

Ubunini busanzwe ni 15-25μm. Igomba gupfuka umuringa wose kugira ngo wirinde ko umuringa ugaragara.
93. Ni gute wakongera imikorere myiza ya mudasobwa muri PCB?

Huza uburyo bwo guhuza inzira n'uburyo bwo kwikora. Shyiraho uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukoresha inzira, ubanje gushyiramo ibimenyetso by'ingenzi.
94. Ni gute washyiraho imiterere y'ubushyuhe kugira ngo BGA ivugururwe?

Ubushyuhe: 120-150℃ (60-90s). Gusubiramo amazi: 217-230℃ (40-60s). Igipimo cyo gukonjesha: 3-6℃/s.
95. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gushushanya hasi kuri PCB?

Gutera hasi hakoreshejwe ingingo imwe cyangwa ingingo nyinshi. Gutera hasi hakoreshejwe ingingo nyinshi ku miyoboro ifite umurongo munini (> 10MHz), hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bwo guhagarara hasi
96. Ni izihe ngingo z'ingenzi zo guhitamo connectors muri PCBs zishyizwemo?

Tekereza ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ibintu (
97. Ni gute wakora isesengura ry'ikosa kuri PCB?

Reba ingingo zisoda ukoresheje igice cya Metallographic (kugabanya metallographic), menya inenge zo ku buso ukoresheje AOI, usesengure imiterere y'ibintu ukoresheje XRF.
98. Ni ibihe bisabwa byihariye kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro itandukanye?

Intera iri hagati ya 5mil, impedance 100±10Ω, itandukaniro ry'uburebure

PCB yashyizwemo

1. PCB iri mu bubiko ni iki?

2. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya PCB ikoreshwa mu gupima na PCB isanzwe?

3. Ni ibihe bintu PCB zishyirwamo zikwiriye gukoreshwa?

4. Ni iyihe gahunda y'ibanze yo gushushanya PCB zishyirwamo?

5. Ni gute wahitamo ibikoresho bya PCB zishyirwamo?

6. Ni ayahe mahame agenga imiterere y'ibice byinjijwe muri PCB?

7. Ni gute ibice by’ingenzi (resistor, capacitors, inductors) bishyirwa muri PCB?

8. Ni iki kigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibice bikora (udupira, nibindi) muri PCB?

9. Ni gute washushanya umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi (PDN) muri PCB zishyizwemo?

10. Ni gute wakwita ku buziranenge bw'ikimenyetso mu gishushanyo cya PCB kirimo?

11. Igipimo rusange cyo kohereza ibimenyetso bya PCB zishyizwemo ni ikihe?

12. Ni gute wabara impedance iranga ibimenyetso muri PCB zashyizwemo?

13. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka ku kugabanuka kw'ibimenyetso muri PCB zashyizwemo?

14. Ni gute wagabanya ikibazo cy’amashanyarazi (EMI) muri PCB zishyizwemo?

15. Ni gute wagera ku butaka bwiza muri PCB zashyizwemo?

16. Ni gute wakora isesengura ry’ubuziranenge bw’imbaraga kuri PCB zashyizwemo?

17. Ni izihe nyungu zo kohereza ibimenyetso bitandukanye muri PCB zishyizwemo?

18. Ni gute wakora differential pair traces muri PCBs zishyizwemo?

19. Ni izihe ngingo z'ingenzi zigomba gukurikizwa mu gushushanya ibimenyetso byihuse cyane muri PCB zishyizwemo?

20. Ni gute wasuzuma imikorere y'amashanyarazi ya PCB zishyizwemo?

21. Ubunini bwa PCB zishyizwemo bugaragazwa bute?

22. Ni ibihe bintu bigomba kwitabwaho mu miterere y'imiterere ya PCB zishyizwemo?

23. Ni gute wakora igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubushyuhe kuri PCB zishyizwemo?

24. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gushyiraho PCB zishyizwemo?

25. Ni gute wakwirinda ko ibintu binanirwa guterwa no guhindagura kwa PCB?

26. Ni ayahe mahame agenga imiterere y'ibikoresho bya PCB bishyirwamo?

27. Ni gute wakora igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibikoresho bitatu bikingira amazi (birinda amazi, birinda ivumbi, birwanya ingese) kuri PCB zishyizwemo?

28. Ni gute ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka ku mikorere ya PCB zishyizwemo?

29. Ni gute wasuzuma ubwizerwe bwa mekanike bwa PCB zishyizwemo?

30. Ni izihe ngaruka zo guhitamo ibikoresho ku mikorere ya mekanike ya PCB zishyizwemo?

31. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya PCB zishyirwamo na PCB zisanzwe?

32. Ni izihe nzira z'ingenzi zo gukora PCB zishyirwamo?

33. Ni gute wakwizeza ko ingano y'ibikoresho bya PCB ikora neza?

34. Ni izihe ngingo z'ingenzi zo kugenzura ubuziranenge mu gukora PCB zishyizwemo?

35. Ni izihe nenge zishobora kubaho mu gukora PCB zishyizwemo?

36. Ni gute wakemura ikibazo cy'udupira twa lamination mu nganda za PCB zirimo gucukurwa?

37. Ni gute wakwizeza ubuziranenge bwa micro-vias mu nganda za PCB zishyizwemo?

38. Ni gute wakwizeza ko ibice byashyizwemo ibikoresho byizerwa mu gihe cyo gukora?

39. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka ku kiguzi cyo gukora PCB zishyizwemo?

40. Ni gute wahitamo uruganda rukora PCB rukwiye?

41. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gupima PCB zishyirwamo?

42. Ni gute wakora isuzuma rya "in-circuit" (ICT) kuri PCB zashyizwemo?

43. Ni iki kigomba kwitabwaho mu igeragezwa ry’imikorere ya PCB zishyizwemo?

44. Ni gute wakoresha isuzuma ryo gupima imipaka (JTAG) kuri PCB zishyizwemo?

45. Ni gute wakora isuzuma ry'ikosa rya PCB zashyizwemo?

46. ​​Ni iyihe ngorane yo kubungabunga ibice byinjijwe muri PCB?

47. Ni gute wakwirinda kwangiza ibindi bice mu gihe cyo kubungabunga?

48. Ni gute wagenzura ubuziranenge nyuma yo kubungabunga?

49. Ni gute hashyirwaho uburyo bwo gupima no kubungabunga?

50. Ni ibihe bikoresho byo gupima no kubungabunga PCB zishyirwamo?

51. Ni gute wahitamo resistor zishyirwa kuri PCB?

52. Ni iyihe mirimo ya capacitors zishyirwa muri PCB?

53. Ni gute wamenya ibipimo bya inductors zishyirwamo?

54. Ni ibihe bintu bigomba kwitabwaho mu guhitamo chips zishyizwemo?

55. Ni gute wakwemeza ko ibice bigize igikoresho bihuye n’ibikoresho bya PCB?

56. Ni ibihe bisabwa kugira ngo ibice bifatanye bisorishwe?

57. Ni gute wasuzuma igihe cy'ubuzima bw'ibice byinjijwemo?

58. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gutsindwa bushobora kubaho mu bice byashyizwemo?

59. Ni gute wacunga ububiko bw'ibice byashyizwemo?

60. Ni gute wakemura ibibazo byo kuvugana hagati y'amajwi n'amajwi muri PCB?

61. Ni izihe ngaruka za vias ku kohereza ibimenyetso?

62. Ni gute wakwitwara mu gihe cyo gusohora ESD (electrostatic discharge) muri PCB?

63. Ni gute wamenya uburyo BGA soldering idakora neza?

64. Ni gute wahitamo inzira zo gutunganya ubuso bwa PCB?

65. Ni gute wagabanya imirasire ya elegitoroniki ituruka kuri PCB?

66. Ni izihe ngingo z'ingenzi zo gushushanya ubushyuhe?

67. Ni ibihe bisabwa kugira ngo habeho guhuza uburebure bw'imirongo igenda ku muvuduko mwinshi?

68. Ni gute hakemurwa ibibazo by’ubuziranenge bw’amashanyarazi muri PCB?

69. Ni iyihe ngenderwaho yemewe kuri PCB warpage?

70. Ni gute wagera ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'ingufu nke muri PCB?

71. Ni izihe nyungu zo gukoresha vias zihishe/zitwikiriwe muri PCB?

72. Ni gute wakora igenzura rya DFM (igishushanyo mbonera cy’uburyo ibintu bikorwa)?

73. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kuvura PCB bushobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butatu?

74. Ni gute wanoza umubare w'ibice by'inzira muri PCB?

75. Ni gute wakemura ikibazo cyo gusora mu buryo bukonje nyuma yo gusudira PCB?

76. Ni gute wapima ubushobozi bwo kwirinda gushyushya ibikoresho bya PCB?

77. Ni gute wagabanya ubwiza bw'ikimenyetso muri PCB?

78. Ni izihe ngaruka z'ubugari bw'icyuma gitwara umuriro w'umuringa ku bushobozi bwo kuwutwara?

79. Ni gute wahitamo ibara ry'agapfukamunwa gakoresha irangi?

46. Ni iyihe ngorane yo kubungabunga ibice byinjijwe muri PCB?