Ibyiciro bya Moduli

Urugendo rw'ibikorwa byo guteranya PCBA

1. Ni ibihe bintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu igenzura ry’ubuhanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga mu gushyira ibice byaryo mu bikorwa?

Gutahura mu buryo nyabwo polarity y'ibice, ibice bibura, no gutandukanya. Umuvuduko wo kumenya ni ≤0.1s/sec, kandi igipimo cy'ubuziranenge ni >99.9%.
2. Ni ibihe bintu byakoreshejwe mu kubungabunga ibikoresho bya AI mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibikoresho?

① Reba kwangirika kwa vis y'icyuma ukoresheje sensor zipima (igipimo cy'ukuri cyo guhanura >95%); ② Tegura moderi ushingiye ku makuru y'amateka kugira ngo utange umuburo w'amasaha 72 mbere y'uko amazi arangira.
3. Ni iki IPC - 9850 isobanura ku gitutu cy'ibice bishyirwamo?

Igitutu kigomba kuba inshuro ≤2 z'uburemere bw'igice, kandi guhinduka kw'imigozi/udupira tw'imashini bibe ≤5% kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kwa mashini.
4. Ni izihe mbogamizi za RoHS 2.0 ku bijyanye n'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo (urugero, amavuta yo kwisiga mu mazuru)?

Amavuta agomba kuba adafite ibintu byangiza nka Pb, Hg, Cd, n'ibikubiye muri SVHC (Ibintu bihangayikishije cyane) ≤0.1%.
5. Ni gute wanoza uburyo bwo gushyira ibintu mu buryo buvanze mu gusora no gusora mu buryo buvanze?

① Shyira ibice binini ku ruhande rw'umuraba ushongesha (nk'ibihuza); ② Hanyuma shyira ibice bito ku ruhande rw'umuraba ushongesha (nk'urugero 01005) kugira ngo wirinde ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bw'inyongera ku bice bito.
6. Ni izihe ngaruka za PCB zifite imiterere itandukanye y’ubuso (ENIG, OSP, HASL) ku buryo bwo gushyiramo ibikoresho?

① Kuri ENIG, ubugari bw'urwego rwa nikeli (5 - 8μm) bugomba kugenzurwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko udupira tw'umukara twangirika; ② Kuri OSP, gushyirwaho bigomba kurangira mu masaha 24 kugira ngo hirindwe ko hejuru y'umuringa hadakora neza; ③ Kuri HASL, ubugari bw'udupira (≤0.05mm) bugomba kwitabwaho.
7. Ni ibihe bipimo byo gusukura ku mashini zikoresha amazi mu gihe ushyiramo ibice bitandukanye by'ibikoresho bipakiye?

Utuzu dukoreshwa kenshi (nka BGA) tugomba gusukurwa buri masaha ane kugira ngo hirindwe kugabanuka k'imbaraga zo kuvoma bitewe n'ibisigazwa by'umushongi.
8. Ni gute wahindura vuba ibikoresho byo kugaburira ibice mu musaruro muto w’ubwoko bwinshi?

Koresha Feeders zikoresha ubwenge (zifite ubushobozi bwo kwibuka) kugira ngo ubike mbere ibipimo byo kugaburira by'ibice bitandukanye, kandi igihe cyo guhindura gishobora kugabanywa kikagera mu minota 5.
9. Ni gute wakwiringaniza umutwaro w'imitwe myinshi yo gushyiramo ibintu mu gihe cy'ibikorwa icyarimwe?

Kunoza uburyo ibice bishyirwa mu bikorwa binyuze muri porogaramu yo kwigana imikorere (nk'iy'ingufu) kugira ngo ugire itandukaniro ry'akazi ka buri mutwe w'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ≤5%.
10. Ni gute wagera ku bufatanye hagati ya modules "zihuta cyane" na "zifite ubuziranenge bwinshi" mu bikoresho byo gushyiramo imitwe myinshi?

① Koresha igishushanyo mbonera cya modular (nk'imitwe yihuta cyane ishinzwe ibice bito, imitwe ifite ubuhanga buhanitse ishinzwe BGA); ② Huza inzira z'imigendere ya buri mutwe ushyirwamo ukoresheje sisitemu yo kugenzura.
11. Ni gute wagera ku bufatanye hagati ya modules "zihuta cyane" na "zifite ubuziranenge bwinshi" mu bikoresho byo gushyiramo imitwe myinshi?

① Koresha igishushanyo mbonera cya modular (nk'imitwe yihuta cyane ishinzwe ibice bito, imitwe ifite ubuhanga buhanitse ishinzwe BGA); ② Huza inzira z'imigendere ya buri mutwe ushyirwamo ukoresheje sisitemu yo kugenzura.
12. Ni gute imiterere y'amazi agomba guhindurwa mu gihe cyo gushyiraho amabati afite ubushyuhe bwinshi (Tg>170℃)?

① Ongera ubushyuhe bwa mbere ho 10 - 15°C; ② Ongera ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ho amasegonda 5 - 8; ③ Gabanya igipimo cyo gukonjesha kugeza kuri ≤2°C/s kugira ngo wirinde ko imbaho zicikamo ibice.
13. Ni gute washyiraho uburyo bwo kugaburira butuma habaho umusaruro mwinshi uvanze?

① Koresha utumashini tw’ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo umenye ubwoko bw’ibice; ② Shyiraho sisitemu yo gushyiramo agakombe gahindagurika + uburyo bwo kureba kugira ngo gahuze n’ibice by’icyuma kinini n’ikaseti n’imashini.
14. Imbogamizi y'ubushobozi iba iri he iyo imashini zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi (>50,000 cph) zishyiramo ibice bito?

Umuvuduko wo gutanga umusaruro w’ibikoresho (ubusanzwe ni ≤inshuro 200 ku munota) hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo kohereza ibikoresho bya PCB ni byo bibazo by’ingenzi.
15. Ni gute wakwirinda ko abakora imashini zitwara n’izishyira mu bikorwa imashini zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi?

① Shyiraho amatara y'umutekano (igihe cyo gusubiza ≤20ms); ② Birabujijwe gufungura urugi rurinda iyo ibikoresho birimo gukora (ibikoresho bifunga bigomba gushyirwaho imiterere); ③ Abakoresha bagomba kwambara amakoti yo kuburira agarura urumuri.
16. Ni gute wagenzura ihumana rya iyoni mu gihe ushyira PCB zo mu kirere?

① Koresha ifu idafite isukuye cyane (ifite uburebure bwa ≤1.5%); ② Karaba n'amazi yakuwemo iyoni nyuma yo kuyishyiramo (ubudahangarwa bwa ≥18MΩ・cm).
17. Ni izihe nyungu zo gushyira hamwe mu mishinga y’ibikorwa byo mu bwoko bwa cobot mu buryo bworoshye?

Ishobora kwihuza n'ibice bitandukanye by'ingano (kuva kuri 01005 kugeza kuri 50mm×50mm), kandi uko igihe kigenda gihita igabanuka ikagera kuri 1/3 cy'ibikoresho gakondo.
18. Ni izihe ngamba zo kurinda imirasire zikwiye gufatwa mu gihe ukoresha sisitemu yo gupima imirasire ya laser?

① Icyiciro cya laser kigomba kuba cyujuje ibipimo bya Class 1 (ingufu ≤0.5mW); ② Igikoresho gifunze kugira ngo hirindwe ko laser yameneka; ③ Abakoresha bambara indorerwamo zirinda impanuka za laser.
19. Ingaruka z'icyumba cyo gusukura (Class 10.000) ku musaruro w'ibice bishyirwamo ni izihe?

Igipimo cy'uduce tw'umukungugu >5μm kigomba kuba ≤3.520 pcs/m³. Bitabaye ibyo, ibintu by'amahanga bishobora gutera gufungana mu gihe ibice biyinjiramo (kugabanuka k'umusaruro wa 3–5%).
20. Ese ifu ya solder yarengeje igihe ishobora gukoreshwa mu gushyira mu bihe byihutirwa?

Uburemere bw'umusemburo wa solder (busabwa kuba 80–120Pa·s) na thixotropy (slump ≤2mm) bigomba kongera gupimwa, kandi bishobora gukoreshwa gusa nyuma yo gutsinda ikizamini.
21. Ni ibihe bimenyetso by'ingenzi bigomba gukurikizwa mu gihe cyo gusuzuma "uburyo bwo gushyira ibintu mu mwanya" bw'imashini itoranya n'aho ishyira ibintu?

① Agaciro ka Cpk (kagomba kuba ≥1.33); ② Ubuziranenge bwo gusubiramo (3σ ≤ ± 0.02mm); ③ Itandukaniro riri hagati y'ubuziranenge buhamye n'ubuziranenge buhindagurika (kagomba kuba ≤10%).
22. Ni gute wakubahiriza ibisabwa na IATF 16949 mu kugenzura ibikorwa byo gushyira ibice by'ikoranabuhanga mu modoka?

① Shyiraho sisitemu yo kugenzura amakosa (nk'igenzura ry'imibare ibiri); ② Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere (nk'umuvuduko, ubushyuhe) bigomba gukurikiranwa mu gihe nyacyo kandi bikabikwa mu gihe cy'imyaka 10; ③ Igice cya mbere cya buri hinduka kigomba gusuzumwa neza mu buryo bwuzuye.
23. Ni gute wagabanya ikiguzi cy' "ibice byanze" mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibintu?

① Kunoza uburyo bwo kugaburira ibiribwa (nk'umuvuduko wo guhindagura); ② Sukura buri gihe imiyoboro y'amazi n'imiyoboro y'amazi ikoresha umwuka; ③ Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byanze (nk'uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibice bya 0402 bishobora kongera gukoreshwa).
24. Ni gute wakoresha porogaramu yo kwigana inzira kugira ngo wongere uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibintu?

① Kwinjiza dosiye y'igishushanyo cya PCB; ② Shyiraho amategeko agenga impinduka z'umunwa n'urukurikirane rw'ibice byo gutora; ③ Koresha algorithms zo kwigana (nk'iy'imiterere y'uturemangingo) kugira ngo ubare inzira ngufi kandi ugabanye igihe cyo kugenda kidakora.
25. Ni gute wakwifashisha uburyo bwose bwo gukurikirana ibikorwa by’ishyirwa ry’ibicuruzwa binyuze muri sisitemu ya MES?

① Andika igihe cyo gushyiramo, nimero y'ibikoresho, n'igihe cyo gukoresha utuzu twa buri PCB; ② Huza nimero y'igice cy'ibikoresho n'aho feeder iherereye kugira ngo ufunge vuba igice cy'ikibazo.
26. Ni gute wakoresha ikoranabuhanga rya virtual reality (VR) kugira ngo wongere ubumenyi bw'abashinzwe gushyira abantu mu myanya?

① Tegura uburyo bwo guhugura abantu ku buryo bwa VR (nk'uburyo bwo gusimbuza amazi mu buryo bwa simulating nozzle, gukemura ibibazo by'ibikoresho); ② Shyiraho uburyo bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ku bikorwa bitari byo (nk'uburyo ibice bikoreshwa mu buryo bwa virtual byagabanutse); ③ Andika amakuru y'imikorere kugira ngo usuzume uburyo imyitozo ikora.
27. Ni gute wagabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kwa ESD mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibice binyuze mu gupakira ibice?

Shyira imbere kaseti za pulasitiki zitwara imizigo cyangwa amasahani y'icyuma afite uburinzi. Gutunganya ioni ni ngombwa mbere yo gufungura.
28. Ni izihe ngamba zikwiye gufatwa kugira ngo hakorwe ikibazo iyo sisitemu yo kureba inaniwe kumenya amanota ya PCB Mark?

① Sukura lens n'aho urumuri ruturuka; ② Hindura igihe kamera ikura n'igihe cyo kuyireba; ③ Reba niba ingingo za Mark zarangiritse cyangwa zanduye; ④ Simbuza ingingo za Mark n'imiterere itandukanye (nk'iyo guhindura kuva ku ruziga ujya ku rundi).
29. Ni iyihe mpamvu ikunze gutuma ifu y’umushongi isenyuka nyuma yo gushyiramo ibice byose by’ifu?

Ubushyuhe bw'aho imashini ikorera bugomba kugenzurwa kuri dogere 23±2℃, naho ubushyuhe bukaba kuri dogere 50±5% by'ubushyuhe.
30. Ni gute wahuza itandukaniro riri hagati y'"umuvuduko" n'"ubunyangamugayo" mu mashini zitoranya n'izishyiramo ibintu?

① Ku bice binini (nka QFP), shyira imbere ubuziranenge (umuvuduko ≤30mm/s); ② Ku bice bito (nka 0402), umuvuduko ushobora kongerwa ukagera kuri 80 - 100mm/s, kandi ubuziranenge bushobora kunozwa binyuze mu kubona neza.
31. Ni iki "amahame atatu ntayo" yerekezaho by'umwihariko mu mikorere y'imashini itoranya n'aho ikorera?

Ntugashyiremo ibice bidafite ubushobozi bwo gupima, ntugakoreshe imiyoboro isakara cyane, kandi ntugakore PCB utabanje gusuzuma ibice.
32. Ni izihe mpamvu zishobora gutuma habaho "impanuro zikunze kugaragara mu mashini ifata ibintu byose" mu gihe cyo gufata ibintu byose?

① Umurambararo w'imbere w'umunwa urafunze (ugomba gukurwaho urushinge rw'icyuma rwa 0.2mm); ② Imashini ikora lisansi irananirwa (dogere y'isansi
33. Ingaruka zo gukusanya amakuru ku ikorwa ry'imashini zikora akazi ko gukusanya no gushyira amakuru ku igenzura ry'ubuziranenge ni izihe?

Birasabwa gukusanya ibipimo by'ingenzi (nk'umuvuduko, kunyura mu myanya) buri masegonda 0.5. Gutinda k'amakuru igihe kirenze isegonda 1 bishobora gutuma hataboneka ibitagenda neza mu bwiza.
34. Ni gute washyiraho uburyo bwo gupima imikorere y'imashini ikoresha uburyo bwo kureba no gupima imiterere yayo?

Suzuma inshuro imwe nyuma y'ingufu - buri munsi, cyangwa nyuma yo gukora PCB 50, kugira ngo urebe neza ko guhuza neza hagati y'ibice na pad kuri ≤ ± 0.02mm.
35. Ni gute uburyo bwo gushyira amavuta mu cyuma gipima hanyuma kigashyiramo ibyuma bigira ingaruka ku buryo gishyirwamo neza?

Gusiga amavuta birakenewe buri masaha 200 y'akazi. Kubura amavuta bizatuma amakosa yo gukwirakwiza ibintu yiyongera (nk'aho X/Y axis positioning deviation >0.03mm).
36. Ni iyihe nzira yihariye yo gukoresha "uburyo bwo gusuzuma amanota atatu" mu gupima uburebure bw'umunwa w'imashini itora n'aho iherereye?

Hitamo amanota atatu ya "Mark" mu myanya itandukanye kuri PCB, hanyuma ugenzure uburebure bwa "Z-axis" bw'umunwa w'amazi. Ikosa rigomba kuba ≤±0.005mm.
37. Ni ubuhe bumenyi bw'ingenzi injeniyeri zo gushyira abantu mu myanya zigomba kuba abahanga?

① Amahame y'ibikoresho na porogaramu (nka G - code, teach - pendant programming); ② Gutunganya imiterere y'imikorere (nka umuvuduko, imiyoboro y'ubushyuhe); ③ Gusuzuma amakosa no kuyabungabunga; ④ Gukoresha ibikoresho byiza (nka SPC, FMEA).
38. Ni gute wagabanya ingaruka zo kwangirika kw'iminwa mu gihe cyo kuyishyiramo?

① Koresha imiyoboro ya karubide ikoze muri ceramic cyangwa sima (igihe cy'ubuzima cyayo cyiyongeraho inshuro 3 - 5); ② Shyiraho uburyo bwo kuvugurura imiyoboro (nk'ubukonje bwa laser - gusana ubuso bwashaje).
39. Ni gute wahuza ibikoresho byo gushyiramo ibikoresho kuri interineti y'inganda (IIoT)?

① Ongeraho modules za edge computing (nk'inzira za PLC); ② Koresha protocole ya OPC UA kugira ngo ugere ku itumanaho hagati y'ibikoresho; ③ Shyiraho ihuriro ry'amakuru kugira ngo ubike amakuru akorwa mu buryo bufatika.
40. Ni izihe ngamba zo kwirinda inkongi zikenewe mu gushyiramo ibice bishobora gushya (urugero, ibipaki birimo solvent)?

Hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo bwo kuzimya umuriro budafite umwuka, kandi umwuka wa ogisijeni mu icupa ugomba kugenzurwa hagati ya 18 na 21%.
41. Ni iki gisabwa kugira ngo ibice bishyirwe mu mwanya wabyo hamwe n'umusemburo udafite lead (Sn - Ag - Cu)?

Igihe cyo kuva ku icapiro kugeza aho rishyirwa kigomba kuba ≤ isaha 1 kugira ngo hirindwe ko ifu ya soldering ifata ubushuhe bigatuma isubira inyuma.
42. Ingaruka zo gukoresha solder idafite icyuma gifunga amashanyarazi ku ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gushyiramo n'ingamba zijyanye nayo ni izihe?

Solder idafite icyuma ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gushonga (hafi 217℃), bigatuma ingufu zikoreshwa mu gusoldering ziyongeraho 15 - 20%. Ingufu zikoreshwa zishobora kugabanuka hakoreshejwe uburyo bwiza bwo kunoza ubushyuhe bw'itanura (nk'ukugabanya igihe cyo kuzifata).
43. Ni izihe nyungu zo gukoresha mudasobwa mu buryo bwa mudasobwa mu gutangiza imashini nshya?

① Genzura imiterere ya porogaramu mbere y'igihe (gabanya igihe cyo gukemura ikibazo ku kigero cya 50%); ② Kwigana imiterere ikabije y'akazi kugira ngo urebe ko ibikoresho bihamye; ③ Gutoza abakoresha badakoresheje ibikoresho nyabyo.
44. Ni ibihe byangombwa byihariye bikenerwa kugira ngo ibice bishyirwe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga?

① Bika inkombe y'uburyo bwo gukora ya ≥5mm yo gufunga ibikoresho; ② Intera iri hagati y'ibice byegeranye igomba kuba ≥3mm kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho kubangamirana mu gihe cyo gutera ifu.
45. Ni ibihe byangombwa by'inyongera bya FDA bigomba kuzuzwa kugira ngo PCB ishyirwe mu bikoresho by'ubuvuzi?

① Buri gice cy'ibice kigomba gutanga urupapuro rw'ibikoresho (BOM); ② Indangamuntu y'umukoresha n'igihe cyo gukora bigomba kwandikwa mu gihe cyo gushyiramo; ③ Impande zometseho zigomba kuba 100% X - Imirasire igenzurwa kandi inyandiko z'amashusho zigomba kubikwa.
46. Ni gute "igipimo cyo kwangwa" gishyirwaho ku gupfunyika ibice bya kaseti?

Ku bice bya 0402 no hejuru, igipimo cyo kwangwa kigomba kuba ≤0.5%; ku bice bya 0201 no munsi yabyo, igipimo cyo kwangwa kigomba kuba ≤1.5%.
47. Ni iyihe nzira yo "gusuzuma igice cya gatatu" kugira ngo ibice bishyirwe mu buryo burenze amahame ngenderwaho ni iyihe?

Igenzura ry'umukozi ubwe → Umuyobozi w'itsinda asubiramo igenzura → Igenzura ry'ingero z'umugenzuzi w'ubuziranenge. Gutanga umusaruro mwinshi byemerewe gusa nyuma yo kwemezwa.
48. Ingaruka zo kugabanuka kw'inguni y'ibice ku gushongesha ni izihe?

Gutandukana kw'inguni > 5° bishobora gutuma imipira n'udupira tw'insinga/udupira two gusoda bitagenda neza, bikongera ibyago byo gufunga cyangwa gusoda bitari byo. Bigomba kwishyurwa no gukosorwa hakoreshejwe porogaramu y'ibikoresho.

Urugendo rw'ibikorwa byo guteranya PCBA

1. Ni ibihe bintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu igenzura ry’ubuhanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga mu gushyira ibice byaryo mu bikorwa?

2. Ni ibihe bintu byakoreshejwe mu kubungabunga ibikoresho bya AI mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibikoresho?

3. Ni iki IPC - 9850 isobanura ku gitutu cy'ibice bishyirwamo?

4. Ni izihe mbogamizi za RoHS 2.0 ku bijyanye n'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo (urugero, amavuta yo kwisiga mu mazuru)?

5. Ni gute wanoza uburyo bwo gushyira ibintu mu buryo buvanze mu gusora no gusora mu buryo buvanze?

6. Ni izihe ngaruka za PCB zifite imiterere itandukanye y’ubuso (ENIG, OSP, HASL) ku buryo bwo gushyiramo ibikoresho?

7. Ni ibihe bipimo byo gusukura ku mashini zikoresha amazi mu gihe ushyiramo ibice bitandukanye by'ibikoresho bipakiye?

8. Ni gute wahindura vuba ibikoresho byo kugaburira ibice mu musaruro muto w’ubwoko bwinshi?

9. Ni gute wakwiringaniza umutwaro w'imitwe myinshi yo gushyiramo ibintu mu gihe cy'ibikorwa icyarimwe?

10. Ni gute wagera ku bufatanye hagati ya modules "zihuta cyane" na "zifite ubuziranenge bwinshi" mu bikoresho byo gushyiramo imitwe myinshi?

11. Ni gute wagera ku bufatanye hagati ya modules "zihuta cyane" na "zifite ubuziranenge bwinshi" mu bikoresho byo gushyiramo imitwe myinshi?

12. Ni gute imiterere y'amazi agomba guhindurwa mu gihe cyo gushyiraho amabati afite ubushyuhe bwinshi (Tg>170℃)?

13. Ni gute washyiraho uburyo bwo kugaburira butuma habaho umusaruro mwinshi uvanze?

14. Imbogamizi y'ubushobozi iba iri he iyo imashini zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi (>50,000 cph) zishyiramo ibice bito?

15. Ni gute wakwirinda ko abakora imashini zitwara n’izishyira mu bikorwa imashini zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi?

16. Ni gute wagenzura ihumana rya iyoni mu gihe ushyira PCB zo mu kirere?

17. Ni izihe nyungu zo gushyira hamwe mu mishinga y’ibikorwa byo mu bwoko bwa cobot mu buryo bworoshye?

18. Ni izihe ngamba zo kurinda imirasire zikwiye gufatwa mu gihe ukoresha sisitemu yo gupima imirasire ya laser?

19. Ingaruka z'icyumba cyo gusukura (Class 10.000) ku musaruro w'ibice bishyirwamo ni izihe?

20. Ese ifu ya solder yarengeje igihe ishobora gukoreshwa mu gushyira mu bihe byihutirwa?

21. Ni ibihe bimenyetso by'ingenzi bigomba gukurikizwa mu gihe cyo gusuzuma "uburyo bwo gushyira ibintu mu mwanya" bw'imashini itoranya n'aho ishyira ibintu?

22. Ni gute wakubahiriza ibisabwa na IATF 16949 mu kugenzura ibikorwa byo gushyira ibice by'ikoranabuhanga mu modoka?

23. Ni gute wagabanya ikiguzi cy' "ibice byanze" mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibintu?

24. Ni gute wakoresha porogaramu yo kwigana inzira kugira ngo wongere uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibintu?

25. Ni gute wakwifashisha uburyo bwose bwo gukurikirana ibikorwa by’ishyirwa ry’ibicuruzwa binyuze muri sisitemu ya MES?

26. Ni gute wakoresha ikoranabuhanga rya virtual reality (VR) kugira ngo wongere ubumenyi bw'abashinzwe gushyira abantu mu myanya?

27. Ni gute wagabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kwa ESD mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibice binyuze mu gupakira ibice?

28. Ni izihe ngamba zikwiye gufatwa kugira ngo hakorwe ikibazo iyo sisitemu yo kureba inaniwe kumenya amanota ya PCB Mark?

29. Ni iyihe mpamvu ikunze gutuma ifu y’umushongi isenyuka nyuma yo gushyiramo ibice byose by’ifu?

30. Ni gute wahuza itandukaniro riri hagati y'"umuvuduko" n'"ubunyangamugayo" mu mashini zitoranya n'izishyiramo ibintu?

31. Ni iki "amahame atatu ntayo" yerekezaho by'umwihariko mu mikorere y'imashini itoranya n'aho ikorera?

32. Ni izihe mpamvu zishobora gutuma habaho "impanuro zikunze kugaragara mu mashini ifata ibintu byose" mu gihe cyo gufata ibintu byose?

33. Ingaruka zo gukusanya amakuru ku ikorwa ry'imashini zikora akazi ko gukusanya no gushyira amakuru ku igenzura ry'ubuziranenge ni izihe?

34. Ni gute washyiraho uburyo bwo gupima imikorere y'imashini ikoresha uburyo bwo kureba no gupima imiterere yayo?

35. Ni gute uburyo bwo gushyira amavuta mu cyuma gipima hanyuma kigashyiramo ibyuma bigira ingaruka ku buryo gishyirwamo neza?

36. Ni iyihe nzira yihariye yo gukoresha "uburyo bwo gusuzuma amanota atatu" mu gupima uburebure bw'umunwa w'imashini itora n'aho iherereye?

37. Ni ubuhe bumenyi bw'ingenzi injeniyeri zo gushyira abantu mu myanya zigomba kuba abahanga?

38. Ni gute wagabanya ingaruka zo kwangirika kw'iminwa mu gihe cyo kuyishyiramo?

39. Ni gute wahuza ibikoresho byo gushyiramo ibikoresho kuri interineti y'inganda (IIoT)?

40. Ni izihe ngamba zo kwirinda inkongi zikenewe mu gushyiramo ibice bishobora gushya (urugero, ibipaki birimo solvent)?

41. Ni iki gisabwa kugira ngo ibice bishyirwe mu mwanya wabyo hamwe n'umusemburo udafite lead (Sn - Ag - Cu)?

42. Ingaruka zo gukoresha solder idafite icyuma gifunga amashanyarazi ku ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gushyiramo n'ingamba zijyanye nayo ni izihe?

43. Ni izihe nyungu zo gukoresha mudasobwa mu buryo bwa mudasobwa mu gutangiza imashini nshya?

44. Ni ibihe byangombwa byihariye bikenerwa kugira ngo ibice bishyirwe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga?

45. Ni ibihe byangombwa by'inyongera bya FDA bigomba kuzuzwa kugira ngo PCB ishyirwe mu bikoresho by'ubuvuzi?

46. ​​Ni gute "igipimo cyo kwangwa" gishyirwaho ku gupfunyika ibice bya kaseti?

47. Ni iyihe nzira yo "gusuzuma igice cya gatatu" kugira ngo ibice bishyirwe mu buryo burenze amahame ngenderwaho ni iyihe?

48. Ingaruka zo kugabanuka kw'inguni y'ibice ku gushongesha ni izihe?

46. Ni gute "igipimo cyo kwangwa" gishyirwaho ku gupfunyika ibice bya kaseti?