I-PCB yokubhoboza ngemuva

Isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni enezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zobuqotho besiginali, njengeziteshi zokuxhumana ze-5G, amaseva anesivinini esikhulu, amaswishi esikhungo sedatha, kanye ne-high-performance computing (HPC).

Ama-PCB abhobozwe ngemuva anciphisa ukubonakaliswa nokulahlekelwa kwesignali ngokususa ngama-stubs, kuyilapho ama-PCB avamile engenalo le nqubo futhi esebenza kabi kakhulu ekudlulisweni kwesignali.

Ngokubhoboza okwesibili ukuze ususe ingxenye engasasebenzi yama-via, nciphisa ubude be-via ukuze bube seduze nobude bokuxhumeka kobuso, bese wenza ngcono indlela yokudlulisa isignali.

Kumaza angaphezu kwe-10GHz, ukulahlekelwa kwesignali kungancishiswa ngo-10%-30%, kanti ukulahlekelwa kokubuya kungathuthukiswa ngo-5-10dB.

Iqanjwe ngokwemigomo yobuchwepheshe efana nokujula kokubhoboza ngemuva, ukunemba kokubhoboza, kanye nemvamisa esebenzayo, njenge-PCB ebhoboza emuva enemvamisa ephezulu enobubanzi bokubhoboza emuva obulawulwa ngaphakathi kwe-±0.1mm.

Cha, kuyadingeka kuphela kumadizayini anemvamisa yesiginali engaphezu kwe-3GHz kanye nezidingo eziqinile zokuqina kwesiginali.

Kwaqala ngenxa yesidingo samasekethe edijithali asheshayo ngawo-1990, futhi ubuchwepheshe buqhubekile nokukhula futhi buthandwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-5G kanye ne-big data.

Ukuthuthuka ekuqondeni ukunemba kokubhoboza emuva okunembe kakhudlwana (njengo-±0.05mm) kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okuphakeme kwemvamisa (100GHz+).

Izinga le-IPC-6012 licacisa izidingo zokunemba kokubhoboza emuva kanye nobude be-stub, futhi amabhizinisi ahlukene nawo anezindinganiso zawo zokulawula zangaphakathi.

Isikhala esanele sokubhoboza ngemuva kufanele sigcinwe ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwemigodi ebhoboze ngemuva kanye neminye imigodi noma iminonjana. Kunconywa ukuthi isikhala se-via sibe ngu-≥0.3mm.

Ukujula kokubhoboza emuva = ingqikithi ngobude - ubude bokuxhumeka obusebenzayo, kanti ubude bokuxhumeka obusebenzayo buvame ukunqunywa ngokuya ngesimo sesendlalelo sesiginali.

Ububanzi bembobo ngokuvamile bungu-0.2-0.4mm. Kuyadingeka ukucabangela ngokuphelele ukunemba kokubhoboza emuva kanye namakhono enqubo yokukhiqiza i-PCB. Uma ububanzi bembobo bukhulu, kulapho ubunzima bokubhoboza emuva buncipha khona.

Izimpawu zokwehluka kwesivinini esiphezulu (njenge-PCIe 5.0, i-SerDes), izimpawu ze-analog ezivame kakhulu, kanye nezinye izimpawu ezizwela ubuqotho bezimpawu zidinga ukubhobozwa emuva.

Ukuqoqwa kufanele kuqinisekise ukuxhumana okunembile phakathi kwesendlalelo esigoqwe ngemuva kanye nesendlalelo sesiginali, kulawule ukufana kobukhulu besendlalelo se-dielectric, futhi kugweme ukuthinta ukunemba kokugoqwa emuva.

Yebo, inqubo yokubhoboza ngemuva ikhulisa izinqubo zokubhoboza kanye nezindleko zokuhlola, ngokuvamile ikhulisa izindleko ngo-20%-50%.

Yenza ukubhoboza emuva kwezimpawu ezibalulekile, sebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokwenza ngcono izimpawu ezingezona ezibalulekile, futhi uhlele ngokufanele indawo yokubhoboza emuva kanye nobuningi.

Amapharamitha anjengokujula kokubhoboza ngemuva, ukubekezelelana (njenge-± 0.1mm), kanye nomkhawulo wobude be-stub (njenge-≤0.2mm) kudingeka amakwe.

Sebenzisa isofthiwe efana ne-HFSS kanye ne-SIwave ukuze uqhathanise izinkomba ezifana nokulahlekelwa yisignali kanye nokulahlekelwa kokubuya ngaphambi nangemva kokubhoboza emuva.

Faka izimbobo zokubeka endaweni ekwakhiweni, cacisa ireferensi yokubeka endaweni nomkhiqizi, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi uhlelo lokuhlanganisa umklamo luhambisana nohlelo lokuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza.

Ukubhoboza okuvamile → ukubhoboza ngogesi → ukubhoboza ngemuva → ukwelashwa kodonga lwembobo → ukudluliselwa kwephethini → ukugoba, njll. Isihluthulelo inqubo yokubhoboza ngemuva.

Sebenzisa kakhulu imishini yokubhoboza ye-CNC, njengemishini yokubhoboza yaseGerman Schmoll kanye neHitachi, edinga ukuhlonyiswa ngezinhlelo zokubeka ezinembile kakhulu.

Kukhethwa ngokwesilinganiso sembobo kanye nokujula kokubhoboza ngemuva. Ama-tungsten carbide bits avame ukusetshenziswa, nge-engeli ye-tip engu-118°-140°.

Ijubane ngokuvamile liyi-10,000-20,000rpm, kanti izinga lokuphakelayo lingu-0.02-0.05mm/rev, okudingeka lilungiswe ngokwezinto zebhodi kanye ne-bit.

Ngokusebenzisa imishini enembile kakhulu, ukulinganiswa kwesistimu yokubeka, ukulinganisa okuku-inthanethi, njll., ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubekezelela ukujula kokubhoboza emuva kungaphakathi kuka-±0.1mm.

Lawula ukuguguleka kwama-bit, sebenzisa imingcele efanele yokubhoboza, bese wenza ukupholisha udonga lwemigodi ngemva kokubhoboza.

Ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukulungisa ungqimba lwethusi odongeni lwembobo olulimele ngesikhathi sokubhoboza ngemuva nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kukagesi.

Izinto zebhodi le-High-Tg zinobulukhuni obukhulu, okwandisa ubunzima bokubhoboza emuva futhi kudinga ukumelana nokuguguleka kwama-bit okuthuthukisiwe; izinto zebhodi le-FR-4 ezivamile kulula ukuzicubungula.

Yebo, kodwa inqubo inzima kakhulu futhi idinga ukulawulwa okunembile kokujula kokubhoboza ngemuva ukuze kugwenywe ukubhoboza kwezinye izendlalelo.

Ukungalungi kahle kokubhoboza ngemuva, ubude obukhulu besigxobo, umonakalo odongeni lwembobo, ukubhoboza ngemuva okungaphelele, njll.

Kubandakanya ukulinganisa ukujula kokubhoboza emuva, ukutholwa kobude be-stub, ukutholwa kobunzima bodonga lwembobo, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kukagesi, njll.

Sebenzisa ama-microscope esigaba se-metallographic kanye nemishini yokuthola i-X-ray, ngokunemba kokulinganisa okufika ku-±0.01mm.

Ngokuvamile, ubude be-stub buyadingeka ukuthi bube ngu-≤0.2mm, futhi ngezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu, bungu-≤0.1mm.

Bheka ukuthi udonga lwembobo lubushelelezi futhi alunawo yini uqhekeko nge-microscope ye-metallographic, noma sebenzisa i-scanning electron microscope (SEM) ukuze uluthole.

Bheka indinganiso ye-IPC-TM-650 ukuze uhlole izinkomba ezifana nokulahlekelwa kokufakwa, ukulahlekelwa kokubuyiselwa, kanye nokuxoxa nge-crosstalk.

Imikhiqizo engahambisani inqunywa ukubekezelela ukujula kokubhoboza emuva ngokweqile, ubude obukhulu besigxobo, umonakalo odongeni lwemigodi othinta ukusebenza kukagesi, njll.

Landela izinqubo ezithile kanye nemishini ngokusebenzisa amarekhodi okukhiqiza, izingodo zepharamitha yemishini, kanye nemibiko yokuhlola.

Lungiselela imingcele yenqubo, gcina imishini njalo, uqinise ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, futhi usebenzise ngokuqinile izinqubo zokuhlola ikhwalithi.

Ngokuvamile kuhambisana nesikhathi sokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi iyonke ye-PCB, ngokuvamile iminyaka eyi-1-3, ngokuya ngemithetho yebhizinisi.

Ukwehla kokunemba kwemishini, amapharamitha enqubo angafanele, ukuguqulwa kwebhodi, ukuguguleka kwe-bit, njll.

Ifanele izinto zebhodi ezisheshayo, njengochungechunge lweRogers kanye nezinto zebhodi ezilahlekelwa kancane ze-Isola FR408HR.

Izinto zebhodi ezihlala njalo ezine-dielectric ephansi zinokulahleka okuncane kwesiginali, kodwa ubulukhuni bazo bungathinta ukucutshungulwa kokubhoboza emuva; izinto zebhodi ezivamile kulula ukuzicubungula, kodwa zinokusebenza okungekuhle kwesiginali.

Kudingeka indawo ebushelelezi yefoyili yethusi kanye nobukhulu obufanayo, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ifoyili yethusi engu-18μm noma engu-35μm.

I-coefficient yokwandisa ukushisa kanye nobunzima bezinto zokufaka umswakama kuthinta ukunemba kokubhoboza emuva kanye nekhwalithi yodonga lwemigodi. Izinto ezizinzile kahle ekushiseni kufanele zikhethwe.

Uyinki wemaski osondayo udinga ukunamathela kahle kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali ukuze ugweme ukuxebuka kweyinki ngemva kokubhoboza ngemuva futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kahle.

Yebo, izinto zebhodi ezingenalo umthofu ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zemvelo futhi ukusebenza kwazo kuyahlangabezana nezidingo zama-PCB abhobozwe ngemuva.

Kuqalwa kakhulu ama-carbide aqinisiwe (njenge-tungsten-cobalt alloy), anokumelana okuhle nokuguguleka futhi afanele ukubhoboza ngesivinini esikhulu.

Uma ibhodi lijiyile, kuba nzima kakhulu ukulawula ukujula kokubhoboza ngemuva, okudinga imishini nezinqubo ezinembile kakhulu.

Ububanzi obuncane bembobo obungatholakala njengamanje bungu-0.15mm, kodwa uma imbobo incane, kulapho ubunzima kanye nezindleko zokubhoboza emuva ziphakama khona.

Kunqunyelwe yimishini nezinqubo, ukujula okuphezulu ngokuvamile akudluli u-5mm, futhi izinqubo ezikhethekile zingafinyelela ku-8mm.

Ukunemba kokubekwa okuphindaphindiwe kumele kufinyelele ku-±0.02mm ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kokubhoboza emuva.

Lawula amandla okubhoboza ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanele ngokulungisa izinga lokuphakelayo, isivinini sokujikeleza, kanye namapharamitha ebhithi ukuze ugweme ukulimala kwebhodi.

Isikhathi sokucubungula ngomgodi ngamunye singaba yimizuzwana eyi-1-3, kuye ngokujula kokubhoboza ngemuva kanye nokusebenza kwemishini.

Lungisa ngokuphelele ngokusekelwe ezicini ezifana nohlobo lwezinto zebhodi, ububanzi bembobo, ukujula kokubhoboza ngemuva, kanye nokusebenza kwemishini.

Yebo. Isibandisi singanciphisa izinga lokushisa lama-bit, sisuse ama-chips, sandise impilo yama-bit, futhi sithuthukise ikhwalithi yokucubungula.

Isivinini esikhulu kakhulu singabangela ukuguguleka kwezingcezu kanye nezindonga zemigodi eqinile, kuyilapho isivinini esiphansi kakhulu sithinta ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula. Kudingeka ukufanisa okunengqondo.

Izinga lokuphakelwa ngokweqile lingabangela ukudabuka kwebhodi, izindonga zemigodi engalingani, ukungahleleki kahle kokubhoboza ngemuva, njll.

Yebo. Imishini yokubhoboza yesimanje ye-CNC ingafinyelela ukubhoboza okuzenzakalelayo ngohlelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nokungaguquguquki.

Kubandakanya izindleko zezinto zebhodi, izindleko zokucubungula (kufaka phakathi inqubo yokubhoboza emuva), izindleko zokuhlola, izindleko ze-scrap, njll.

Izindleko zenqubo yokubhoboza emuva zilinganiselwa ku-15%-30% wezindleko ze-PCB eziphelele.

Izici eziyinhloko zifaka phakathi izidingo zokunemba kokubhoboza ngemuva, inani lemigodi ebhobozwe ngemuva, intengo yezinto zebhodi, ukwehla kwenani lemishini, njll.

Lungiselela umklamo ukuze unciphise inani lemigodi ebholwe emuva, uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo, unciphise izinga lokwenqatshwa, futhi uthenge izinto zebhodi ngobuningi.

Setha ngokufanele ukunemba kokubhoboza emuva kanye nezindinganiso zenqubo ngokwezidingo zangempela zohlelo lokusebenza ukuze ugweme izindleko ezinkulu zokuklama.

Intengo yomshini wokubhoboza i-CNC osebenza kahle kakhulu isukela ku-1 million kuya ku-3 million yuan.

Ngokuvamile kubalwa ngokusekelwe enanini lemigodi ebholwe ngemuva, ukujula kokubhoboza ngemuva, izidingo zokunemba, njll., ngentengo yeyunithi engu-0.01-0.1 yuan ngomgodi ngamunye.

Izindleko zokuhlola zilinganiselwa ku-10%-15% wezindleko eziphelele, okuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa kwe-metallographic kanye nezindleko zokuhlola ugesi.

Ngokuyinhloko kufaka phakathi ama-bits, ama-coolant, izinto zokugaya, njll., kanti izindleko zama-bits zenza ngaphezu kwama-60% ezindleko ezisetshenziswayo.

Izindleko zama-PCB abhobozwe emuva ziphakeme ngo-20%-50% kunezama-PCB avamile, kuye ngokuthi inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani.

Kusetshenziswa kumamojula e-RF kanye namabhodi okucubungula i-baseband eziteshini zesisekelo ze-5G ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukudluliswa kwesignali nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwesignali.

Kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokudlulisa idatha ngesivinini esikhulu kwamaseva, kunciphisa ukubambezeleka kwesignali kanye nesilinganiso samaphutha e-bit, futhi kuqinisekisa ukudluliselwa kwedatha okuzinzile.

Ngokuthuthuka kobuhlakani bezimoto, isetshenziswa kumamojula wokuxhumana ngesivinini esiphezulu emotweni ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokudlulisa isignali zezinhlelo ezifana ne-ADAS.

Isetshenziswa kuma-electronics asetshenziswa kakhulu (njengama-laptop asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nama-motherboard efoni asezingeni eliphezulu), kodwa ngezindleko eziphakeme.

Kudinga ukuthembeka okuphezulu nokunemba, ngokulawula okuqinile ukujula kanye nekhwalithi yokubhoboza emuva.

Kusetshenziswa emabhodini okucubungula isignali ngesivinini esikhulu semishini yokuthwebula izithombe zezokwelapha kanye nemishini yokuqapha izimpawu ezibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwesignali.

Kusetshenziswa ngobuningi obuncane ezimweni ezidinga ukuzinza okuphezulu kwesiginali, njengebhodi lokulawula le-Ethernet yezimboni kanye ne-PLC.

Kuma-IoT gateways anejubane eliphezulu kanye namadivayisi ekhompyutha asemaphethelweni, ukubhoboza emuva kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kokudlulisa isignali ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokudlulisa idatha enkulu.

Kumelwe uzivumelanise nezimo zesikhala esibi kakhulu, ezinezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuthembeka kanye nokumelana nemisebe yama-PCB abhobozwe ngemuva.

Kudinga ubumfihlo obuphezulu, ikhono lokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwemvelo, ngokunemba okuqinile kokubhoboza emuva kanye nezindinganiso zekhwalithi.

Linganisa kabusha uhlelo lokubeka imishini, hlola ukuthi izilinganiso zokuklama nezokukhiqiza ziyahambisana yini, bese ulungisa amapharamitha okubhoboza.

Izimbangela ezingaba khona zifaka phakathi ukujula okunganele kokubhoboza ngemuva noma amaphutha okulinganisa. Izixazululo zifaka phakathi ukulungisa amapharamitha okujula kokubhoboza emuva kanye nokuqinisa ukuhlolwa.

Shintsha ama-bits agugile, lungisa amapharamitha okubhoboza, bese wengeza izinqubo zokupholisha udonga lwemigodi.

Hlola ukuguguleka kwebhithi, lungisa ukujula kokubhoboza kanye nesivinini sokuphakelwa, bese ubhoboza kabusha imigodi engafanele.

Nciphisa amandla okubhoboza, khetha izinto ezifanele zebhodi, bese wenza ukuqinisa i-lamination ngemva kokubhoboza.

Thola ukujula kokubhoboza ngemuva, ubude besigxobo, ikhwalithi yodonga lwembobo, qhathanisa nemingcele yokulingisa umklamo, bese uxazulula izinkinga zokuxhumeka kukagesi.

Lungisa isivinini sebhithi kanye nesilinganiso sokuphakelwa, bese usebenzisa izinqubo zokususa ukusha (njengokuhlanza ngamakhemikhali noma ukugaya ngomshini).

Ukuguguleka okukhulu kwama-bit, amandla okubhoboza ngokweqile, ubulukhuni bebhodi elingalingani, njll. Kudinga ukushintshwa kwama-bit ngesikhathi esifanele kanye nokwenza ngcono amapharamitha.

Thola izindawo zokujikeleza okufushane ngokuhlolwa kukagesi, hlola ibanga phakathi kwemigodi ebholwe ngemuva kanye nemikhondo, bese uhlola izinkinga zengqimba yethusi yodonga lwemigodi.

Hlola ukuhlanzeka kodonga lwemigodi, qinisekisa ukuthi akukho monakalo ezintweni zokuvikela uthuli, bese ulungisa ungqimba lokuvikela uthuli uma kudingeka.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamalungelo obunikazi ezinqubo zokugaya kanye nemishini, ikakhulukazi ephethwe abakhiqizi abakhulu be-PCB kanye nabathengisi bemishini.

Amabhizinisi ahamba phambili abusa imakethe yezinga eliphezulu, kuyilapho amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo egxile ezimakethe zezinga eliphakathi kuya kweliphansi. Ukuncintisana kukhulu, kanti ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kubalulekile.

Kudinga amakhono ahlukahlukene okuklama i-PCB, izinqubo zokukhiqiza, kanye nokuhlaziywa kobuqotho besignali.

Kumelwe kuhambisane nezindinganiso zemvelo ezifana ne-RoHS ne-REACH, kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziyingozi kanye nokukhishwa kwemfucuza.

Isidingo semakethe yamazwe ngamazwe siyaqhubeka nokukhula, sithuthuka siye ekuqondeni okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi.

Amabhizinisi asekhaya aqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bawo, kodwa imakethe esezingeni eliphezulu isathembele ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe, futhi amakhono ocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa azimele adinga ukuqiniswa.

Amanyuvesi, izikhungo zocwaningo, kanye namabhizinisi bayasebenzisana ukuze benze ucwaningo mayelana nokwenza ngcono inqubo yokumba kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha.

Thuthukisa amakhono obuchwepheshe ngokuqeqeshwa kwezinhlangano zemboni, ukuqeqeshwa kwangaphakathi kwenkampani, kanye nezifundo zobuchwepheshe zobungcweti.

Imibukiso efana ne-NEPCON China kanye ne-CPCA Show ibonisa ubuchwepheshe kanye nemishini yokubhoboza emuva.