Zvikamu zveModule

PCB yakaoma

1. Chii chinonzi PCB yakaoma?

Bhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa rakagadzirwa nemidziyo yakasimba (semuenzaniso, fiberglass yeFR4), yakagadzikana uye isingachinjiki, inoshandiswa mumidziyo inoda matunhu akasimba (semuenzaniso, mamaboard emakombiyuta).
2. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pePCB dzakasimba uye dzinochinjika?

Zvinhu: Yakasimba inoshandisa fiberglass, inochinjika inoshandisa polyimide. Maumbirwo: Yakasimba haigone kukotama, inochinjika inogona kukotama. Mashandisirwo: Yakasimba yekubatanidza kwakasimba, inochinjika yenzvimbo dzakamanikana.
3. Ndeapi marudzi echimiro?

Yakatsetseka imwe chete, yakatsetseka mbiri, yakatsetseka dzakawanda. Yakatsetseka imwe chete ine macircuit ari kudivi rimwe; yakatsetseka mbiri pazvose; yakatsetseka yakawanda inobatanidza mabhatani ekufambisa kuburikidza nema-via (semuenzaniso, mamaboards).
4. Ndeapi minda mikuru yekushandisa?

Makomputa epakombiyuta, maTV, maindasitiri ekutonga, midziyo yemagetsi yemotokari (makombiyuta ari mumotokari), zvinhu zvisingadederese zvinhu zvemuchadenga, nezvimwewo.
5. Mutengo wacho unoenzaniswa sei nemaPCB anochinjika?

Mutengo wakaderera. MaPCB akaomarara ane maitiro akakura uye zvinhu zvakachipa; maPCB anochinjika anodhura nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaoma uye maitiro acho.
6. Tembiricha inoyerwa sei?

Zvishandiso zveFR4 zvakajairika: -55°C kusvika 125°C zvekushandisa zvakajairika, 260°C yenguva pfupi yekubatanidza pasina mutobvu. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvinogona kutsungirira tembiricha yakakwira.
7. Ukuru hwese hunosvika papi?

Kubva pa cm² shoma (mabhodhi madiki ekudzora) kusvika pa m² dzakawanda (mabhodhi makuru eseva).
8. Zvakadini nehuremu?

Zvinoenderana nehukuru, machira, uye zvinhu. Mabhodhi eFR4 ane machira akawanda: ~1-3 kg/m², anorema kupfuura maPCB anochinjika enzvimbo imwe chete.
9. Ndeipi nguva yekushanda yakajairika?

Makore 10-20+ munzvimbo dzakajairika; akapfupikiswa kusvika kumakore mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma (tembiricha yakakwira/hunyoro).
10. Isimba ripi remagetsi rinogona kutsungirira?

FR4 ine flexural modulus ye ~100-200MPa, yakaderera zvikuru pane maPCB anochinjika. Kuwedzera ukobvu kunowedzera kuramba kushushikana.
11. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinowanikwa pasi pevhu?

FR4 (fiberglass epoxy), phenolic resin, epoxy resin; PTFE yekushandisa zvakanyanya mashandisirwo anoitwa mafrequency akawanda.
12. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinoitwa neFR4?

Kudzivirira kwemagetsi kwakanaka, hunhu hwemakanika, uye kugadzikana kwemativi. CTE: 13-17ppm/℃. Maitiro ekushandisa anodhura zvishoma uye akakura.
13. Ndezvipi zvakaipa zve substrates dze phenolic resin?

Kupisa kushoma kwekuora (120-150°C), kunowanzo patsanurwa panguva yekusungirirwa, hunhu husina kunaka hwemagetsi/makanika, CTE yakakwira, uye kunhuwa.
14. Basa refoiri yemhangura uye ukobvu hwayo hwakafanana nderei?

Inogadzira zviratidzo zvinofambisa mvura kuti ienderere mberi. Ukobvu hwakajairika: 0.5oz (17μm), 1oz (35μm), 2oz (70μm). Mafoil akakora ekushandisa magetsi ane simba rakawanda.
15. Basa rechikamu chemasiki chesolder nderei?

Inochengetedza ngura kudzivirira mapfupi, inodzivirira mhangura kubva mukuoxidation uye kukuvara kwemuviri, uye inosiyanisa nzvimbo neruvara (semuenzaniso, girini, bhuruu).
16. Basa rerukoko rwesiriki nemavara akafanana nderei?

Inodhinda mavara/zviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa kwezvikamu panguva yekugadzira nekugadzirisa. Ruvara rwakajairika: chena; zvakare grey, tsvuku, dema, yero, nezvimwewo.
17. Zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganisa sei mashandiro emuviri?

FR4: Mutengo wakaderera pakushandiswa kwakajairika. Zvinhu zvine frequency yakakwira (semuenzaniso, PTFE): Kurasikirwa kwakaderera kwechiratidzo che5G. Zvishandiso zveCeramic: Kufambiswa kwemhepo kwakanyanya kwekupisa kwakanyanya.
18. Ungasarudza sei zvinhu zvepasi pevhu?

Funga nezvemagetsi (high frequency/high voltage), mechanical (vibration), tembiricha, uye mutengo. Shandisa FR4 yemagetsi evatengi, PTFE yehigh-frequency, uye ceramics yekupisa kwakanyanya.
19. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa pakuchengetedza nharaunda?

RoHS: Inoderedza zvinhu zvine njodzi (lead, mercury, nezvimwewo). Halogen-isina: Br/Cl
20. Zvinhu zvitsva zvinokanganisa sei kugadzirwa kwezvinhu?

Zvinhu zveCTE zvishoma zvinovandudza kugadzikana kwezvikamu. Kufambiswa kwemhepo kwakanyanya kunowedzera kupararira kwekupisa. Zvidziviriri zvinoshanda zvakanyanya zvinoderedza kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kushandisa uye kushanda zvakanaka.
21. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvemagetsi zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo pakugadzira?

Kusimba kwechiratidzo (kuenzanisa impedance, anti-reflection/crosstalk), kugoverwa kwesimba, pasi, uye kugona kwekutakura magetsi.
22. Maitiro ekugadzira dhizaini yekufambisa zvinhu?

Regedza masaini ezviratidzo, deredza maviya. Shandisa ma differential pairs ezviratidzo zvinomhanya zvakanyanya uye control impedance. Mapurani emagetsi/pasi ane mhangura yakasimba. Mamodule ekuparadzanisa kudzivirira kukanganiswa. Upamhi hwemutsetse hwakavakirwa pamagetsi.
23. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokosha zve via design?

Saizi zvichibva pakukora/kupenya kwemagetsi (mabhodhi akakora anoda ma-vias akakura). Deredza kuverengwa. Kuboorera kumashure kwezviratidzo zvinomhanya zvakanyanya kubvisa matanda.
24. Chii chinonzi impedance matching uye kuti ungazviita sei?

Kufananidza manyuko, tambo yekutumira, uye load impedances kuderedza kuratidzwa. Izvi zvinoitwa nekudzora upamhi hwemutsara, nzvimbo, ukobvu hwe dielectric, uye permittivity (semuenzaniso, upamhi hwe 0.33mm hwe 50Ω microstrip pa FR4).
25. Nzira yekuderedza sei kukanganiswa kwemagetsi (EMI)?

Zvikamu zvekuparadzanisa; chengetedza zvikamu zvinonzwa kure nezvinobudisa ruzha. Mapurani emagetsi/pasi ari mumabhodhi ane mativi akawanda ekudzivirira. Mapurani ari pasi akatenderedza masaini anomhanya zvakanyanya. Macapacitor anobvisa ruzha; kudzika kwakagadziridzwa.
26. Ndezvipi zvinoumba marongerwo ezvikamu?

Kupatsanura zvinhu zvinoshanda, kuparadzanisa zvinhu zvinonzwa kupisa, kuvhara zvinhu zvinokurumidza kupisa, kuisa zvinhu zvikuru pakutanga, uye kuita kuti zvive nyore kuisa/kugadzirisa.
27. Maitiro ekugadzira simba rekugadzira?

Simba riri pedyo nepasi kuti rideredze inductance. Voltage ine via connections. Mhangura yakasimba yemagetsi; gobvu nzira dzemagetsi ane simba rakawanda.
28. Nzira yekugadzirisa sei kupisa?

Zvishandiso zvekupisa uye mapurani emhangura pasi pezvinhu zvinopisa. Zvishandiso zvekupisa zvakanyanya. Dhizaini yemhepo; wedzera madhishi ekupisa/mafeni kana zvichidikanwa.
29. Ndeipi mhando yekutsungirira kwekugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro?

Nzvimbo yeburi: ± 0.1mm. Mapuritsi akaputirwa: ± 0.076mm. Mapuritsi asina kuputirwa: ± 0.05mm. Upamhi hwemutsetse: ± 10%-20%.
30. Ndezvipi zvingasarudzwa zvesoftware yekugadzira?

Mugadziri weAltium (akakodzera madhizaini madiki kusvika pakati), Cadence Allegro (anomhanya zvikuru), Mentor PADS (anoshanda zviri nyore uye anoshanda zvakanaka).
31. Chii chinonzi maitiro ekugadzira?

Kuisa mapaneru → Kuboorera → Kuisa mhangura → Kufungidzira → Kuisa mapurasitiki → Kuisa chifukidziro chesiriki → Kupedzisa pamusoro → Kuisa mapurofayiri.
32. Ndezvipi zvinetso zvinowanzo shandiswa pakuboorera uye mhinduro dzacho?

Matambudziko: Madziro asina kunaka, maburi, mabhora akapwanyika. Mhinduro: Tsiva mabhora, gadzirisa kumhanya/kupa chikafu, ongorora zvinhu.
33. Basa rekuisa mhangura nekutonga makiyi nderei?

Basa: Kufambisa madziro emaburi kuti akwanise kubatanidza zvinhu. Kudzora: Kuumbwa kwemushonga, tembiricha (25-35°C), pH (11-12), kuchena kwemvura isati yatanga kushandiswa.
34. Ndedzipi nzira dzekutora mifananidzo uye zvadzinobatsira/dzakaipa?

Photolithography: Kunyatso shandiswa kweHDI, inodhura zvakanyanya uye yakaoma. Kudhinda sikirini: Midziyo yakaderera/yakapfava, kunyatso shandiswa kwakaderera.
35. Ungadzora sei ukobvu hwemhangura pakuputira?

Kudzora kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemagetsi, nguva yekuputira, uye huwandu hwemvura inobuda. Semuenzaniso, 1oz (35μm) inoda maminetsi makumi maviri kusvika makumi matatu pa 2-3A/dm².
36. Ungave nechokwadi chekuti kucheka kwakarurama sei panguva yekutema?

Dzora huwandu hwechinhu chakachekwa, tembiricha, nguva, uye kumanikidzwa kwemvura inopfapfaidzwa, uye chengetedza michina nguva nenguva. Kuwanda kwechinhu kunogona kukonzera kuchekwa kwakanyanya, nepo kuderera kwechinhu chakachekwa kuchikonzera kuchekwa kusina kukwana. Chengeta tembiricha iri pa45-55℃, sarudza nguva zvichienderana nekukora kwebhodhi, nezvimwewo, uye iva nechokwadi chekuti kumanikidzwa kwakafanana kuti ubate zvese.
37. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro pakudhinda masiki emuchina wekusolder?

Fukidza dunhu zvakaenzana pasina kupotsa kudhinda, maburi, kana mabubbles. Ukobvu hwemafuta pamusoro pemhangura: 10-18μm, kuburikidza ne: 5-8μm. Nzvimbo yakakodzera kubva kumicheto yedunhu kudzivirira kuvharwa kwakanyanya kwepad kana njodzi dze short-circuit.
38. Ndezvipi matanho ekudzivirira pakudhindwa kwemavara?

Mavara anofanira kunge akajeka, akakwana, aine musiyano wakanaka wemavara, akaiswa zvakanaka pasina kuvhara nzvimbo dzakakosha, uye ane kunamatira kwakasimba (sarudza inki dzakakodzera uye maitiro ekugadzirisa).
39. Ndedzipi nzira dzakajairika dzekupedzisa pamusoro pemaPCB akaomarara? Ndezvipi hunhu hwadzo?

HASL: Mutengo wakaderera, kugona kusvira zvakanaka, kusatana kushoma. ENIG: Yakatsetseka, kugona kusvira zvakanaka uye kuramba ngura, mutengo wakakwira. Tini yekunyudza: Kugona kusvira zvakanaka, nzvimbo yakatsetseka, nguva yekushanda. OSP: Mutengo wakaderera, maitiro ari nyore, kuchengetedza kugona kusvira kwenguva pfupi.
40. Ndezvipi zvinoitwa pakuumba? Ungasarudza sei?

Kucheka nemechanical (kunyatsorongeka, kwakakodzera saizi dzakakura dzakaoma). Kuboora (kushanda zvakanaka, kwakakodzera kugadzirwa kwehuwandu nguva dzose). Kucheka nelaser (kunyatsorongeka kwakanyanya, mutengo wakakwira, kwakakodzera zvidimbu zvidiki zvakanaka). Sarudza zvichibva pachimiro, kunyatsorongeka, saizi yezvidimbu, uye mutengo.
41. Ndedzipi ongororo dzinodiwa panguva yekugadzira PCB dzakasimba?

Ongorora saizi/ukobvu mushure mekucheka. Tarisa nzvimbo yegomba, saizi, uye madziro mushure mekuboorwa. Edza ukobvu/kufanana kwemhangura mushure mekuputira. Ongorora kusimba kwedunhu mushure mekuchekwa. Tarisa mhando yekudhindwa kwemasiki/mavara esolder. Edza ukobvu/kunamatira kwecoating mushure mekupedzwa kwenzvimbo. Ongorora chimiro/mipendero mushure mekuumbwa.
42. Maitiro ekuedza mashandiro emagetsi ePCB dzakasimba?

Shandisai michina yekuongorora mafambiro emhepo kana michina yeICT. Flying probe inokodzera mabhechi madiki/marudzi akasiyana-siyana, kuona maburi/mashoti mapfupi, nezvimwewo. ICT ndeyekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda, ichinyatsoongorora mashandiro emagetsi nemidziyo yakakosha.
43. Basa rekuongorora X-ray mukuongorora PCB kwakasimba nderei?

Tsvaga kuburikidza nekubatanidza, maburi, kusimba kwemhangura mumabhodhi ane layer yakawanda. Tarisa majoini eBGA solder uye zvikanganiso zvemukati (zvinhu zvekunze, delamination) zvisingaparadze.
44. Ndeipi musimboti uye mamiriro ekushandiswa kweAOI (Otomatiki Optical Inspection)?

Unganidza mifananidzo uchishandisa makamera ekuona uye enzanisa nezvinodiwa kuti uone zvikanganiso zvakaita sezvinhu zvisipo, kusarongeka zvakanaka, mapfupi. Zvinoshandiswa pakuongorora nguva chaiyo mushure mekudhinda, kuisa, kusanganisa zvinhu kuti zviwedzere kushanda zvakanaka uye kunaka.
45. Maitiro ekuyedza hunhu hwemakanika ePCB dzakasimba?

Kuedza kukotama (ona mitswe pamakona/kutenderera kwakatarwa). Kuedza kudonhedza (tevedzera kukanganiswa). Kuedza kuzunungusa (tevedzera kudedera kuti uone kusungirira uye chimiro).
46. Ungasarudza sei maitiro ekupedzisa pamusoro pemaPCB akaomarara?

Pa IPC-4552, ENIG inokodzera kuvimbika kwepamusoro-soro/kwakakwirira (Ni: 3-5μm, Au: 0.05-0.1μm). OSP inodhura zvishoma (ukobvu hwefirimu: 0.2-0.5μm, yakakodzera kuchengetwa kwenguva pfupi). HASL yakakura (ukobvu hweSn >2.5μm, kusasimba zvakanaka).
47. Maitiro ekugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvekucheka mukugadzirwa kwePCB kwakasimba?

Gadzirisa huwandu hwemvura inobuda mumvura (acidic etchant: CuCl₂ 180-220g/L, HCl 1.0-1.5mol/L), tembiricha ye50-55℃. Kana mvura yacho yanyanya kudonha, deredza kumhanya kwayo wobva wawedzera kumanikidzwa kwemvura inopfapfaidzwa kusvika pamabhawa maviri kusvika matatu.
48. Chii chinodiwa pakurongeka kwezvikamu zviviri (interlayer alignment) zvePCB dzakasimba dzine zvikamu zvakawanda?

Pa IPC-6012, mabhodhi ane jira rakawanda ≤75μm, mabhodhi eHDI ≤50μm. Kunyatsorongeka kwekuisa nzvimbo yekuboorera nelaser ±25μm, kunodzorwa nemichina yekuburitsa zvinhu nemazvo.
49. Chii chinonzi chiyero chekusimba kwekukombama kwemaPCB akaomarara?

Zvinhu zveFR-4: kureba ≥345MPa, kuchinjika ≥276MPa (ASTM D790). Ukobvu hwe1.6mm ≥300MPa.
50. Nzira yekuedza sei ukobvu hwePCB dzakasimba kuburikidza nemhangura?

Kupatsanura metallographic (IPC-TM-650, gomba rinopinda nepakati ≥20μm, rakavigwa risingaonekwe/rakavharwa nepakati ≥18μm). Kuedza kweXRF kusingaparadze (kururama ±0.5μm).
51. Ndeipi tembiricha yakakodzera yekusonesa mafungu ePCB dzakasimba?

Kupisa: 90-130℃ (60-120s). Nzvimbo yekunamira: 240-260℃ (bata 2-4s). Mwero wekutonhodza: 3-6℃/s (J-STD-003).
52. Kobvu hwechifukidziro chesolder paPCB dzakasimba hwakaita sei?

Yakajairika: 15-30μm (IPC-6012), nzvimbo dzakasimba ≥20μm. Kudhinda kwechidzitiro: 20-25μm, kupenya kwakajeka: 15-20μm.
53. Ndeipi nzvimbo shoma yekuisa mutsetse paPCB dzakasimba?

Zvakajairika: 6/6mil (0.1524mm). LDI + makemikari etching: 3/3mil (0.0762mm). Mabhodhi eHDI: 1/1mil (0.0254mm).
54. Ungasarudza sei pakati pekufukidza nekubatanidza dhizaini yePCB yakaoma?

Kuti ushandise simba remagetsi, sarudza resin plugging (kudzika ≥80% kuburikidza nekudzika, kukanganisa kwekupfava ≤10μm). Kuti ushandise simba remagetsi chete, sarudza chifukidziro (upamhi hwekufukidza ≥0.1mm).
55. Maitiro ekubata hunyoro muPCB dzakaoma?

Pa IPC-J-STD-033, bika pa125℃ kwemaawa mana kusvika masere (≤1.6mm: 4h, ＞1.6mm: 8h) kuderedza hunyoro pasi pe0.1%.
56. Kuomarara kwefoil yemhangura kunokanganisa sei kutapurirana kwemasaini mumaPCB akaomarara?

Kuomarara kwakanyanya kunowedzera simba reganda uye kurasikirwa nechiratidzo. RTF foil Ra10GHz). VLP foil Ra
57. Ungabvisa sei maburi kubva mumaburi akaboorwa muPCB dzakaoma?

Kubvisa maburi mumuchina wekubvisa maburi (pressure 0.3-0.5MPa, speed 2-3m/min). Kucheka kwemakemikari (sodium persulfate 100-150g/L, 40-50℃, 1-2min).
58. Chii chinodiwa pakururamisa kudzorwa kweimpedance kune maPCB akaomarara?

Zvose: imwe chete ±10%, musiyano ±8%. Kumhanya kwepamusoro (>1Gbps): imwe chete ±5%, musiyano ±3%, yakagadziriswa kuburikidza nehupamhi hwemutsara, ukobvu hwe dielectric, ukobvu hwemhangura.
59. Chii chinonzi standard ye stainless voltage yemaPCB akaomarara?

Pa UL 796, zvinhu zveFR-4 ≥1400V/mm pa25℃/50% RH. Kureba kwe 1mm kunoenderana ne 100-200V.
60. Dhizaini yekugadzira (DFM) yemaPCB akaomarara inonyanya kutariswa nei?

Upamhi/nzvimbo shoma yemutsetse, chiyero chedhayamita/pad (pad ≥buri +0.4mm kana buri ≥0.3mm), chiyero chenzvimbo yemhangura (30%-70%), chiyero chechikamu chekuboorera (≤8:1), upamhi hwebhiriji remask ekusolder (≥0.1mm).
61. Ndezvipi zvinokonzera uye mhinduro dzekuchinja kwesimba panguva yekugadziriswazve kwePCB dzakasimba?

Zvinokonzera: Kusawirirana kweCTE, ukobvu husina kuenzana, kutenderera kwetembiricha kusina kukodzera. Mhinduro: Sarudza zvinhu zveCTE ≤15ppm/℃, dzora kushivirira kweukobvu ±0.05mm, gadzirisa mwero wekupisa ≤3℃/s.
62. Chii chinodiwa kuti PCB dzakasimba dzisapinda pamusoro (SIR) dzisapinda pamusoro?

Pa IPC-TM-650, ≥10¹⁰Ω mushure memaawa 168 pa85℃/85% RH, ≥10¹²Ω yekushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro, zvinoda kudzorwa kwekuchena kwepadenga.
63. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pezvinhu zvisingaonekwe uye zvakavigwa kuburikidza nekugadzira zvinhu mumaPCB akaomarara?

Magirazi asina kujeka: Kuboorwa kweLaser/mechanical + plating, kudzika ≤0.5mm, kwekubatanidza pamusoro. Magirazi akavigwa: Kuboorwa kwemechanical + lamination, inoda kurongeka, kwezviratidzo zvemukati mechikamu kuti zvideredze paramita dzeparasite.
64. Ndezvipi zvakanakira uye zvakaipira zvekuongorora maPCB akaomarara uye bvunzo dzemazino emubhedha wembambo?

Chinobhururuka: Kufukidza >98%, kwakakodzera mabhechi madiki/kurema kwakanyanya, kunononoka (3-5s/point). Mubhedha wembambo: Kukurumidza (
65. Ukobvu hwefoiri yemhangura hunokanganisa sei kupararira kwekupisa mumaPCB akaomarara?

Kuwedzera kwega kwega kwe 1oz (35μm) kunowedzera kufambiswa kwekupisa ne 38%. 3oz foil mumashandisirwo ane simba guru inoderedza kukwira kwekupisa ne 15%-20% ne thermal vias.
66. Ndeipi hupamhi hwebhiriji remafuta egirini hushoma hwemaPCB akaomarara?

Mabhodhi emhando yepamusoro ane LDI: 0.075mm, anodzivirira kubatanidza madziro.
67. Ndeapi matambudziko anowanzo sangana nawo muHASL (hot air solder leveling) pamaPCB akaomarara?

Kusona kusina kuenzana pamapedhi, kusakwana kuburikidza nekunamira, uye pamusoro payo pasina kuenzana.

PCB yakaoma

1. Chii chinonzi PCB yakaoma?

2. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pePCB dzakasimba uye dzinochinjika?

3. Ndeapi marudzi echimiro?

4. Ndeapi minda mikuru yekushandisa?

5. Mutengo wacho unoenzaniswa sei nemaPCB anochinjika?

6. Tembiricha inoyerwa sei?

7. Ukuru hwese hunosvika papi?

8. Zvakadini nehuremu?

9. Ndeipi nguva yekushanda yakajairika?

10. Isimba ripi remagetsi rinogona kutsungirira?

11. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinowanikwa pasi pevhu?

12. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinoitwa neFR4?

13. Ndezvipi zvakaipa zve substrates dze phenolic resin?

14. Basa refoiri yemhangura uye ukobvu hwayo hwakafanana nderei?

15. Basa rechikamu chemasiki chesolder nderei?

16. Basa rerukoko rwesiriki nemavara akafanana nderei?

17. Zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganisa sei mashandiro emuviri?

18. Ungasarudza sei zvinhu zvepasi pevhu?

19. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa pakuchengetedza nharaunda?

20. Zvinhu zvitsva zvinokanganisa sei kugadzirwa kwezvinhu?

21. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvemagetsi zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo pakugadzira?

22. Maitiro ekugadzira dhizaini yekufambisa zvinhu?

23. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokosha zve via design?

24. Chii chinonzi impedance matching uye kuti ungazviita sei?

25. Nzira yekuderedza sei kukanganiswa kwemagetsi (EMI)?

26. Ndezvipi zvinoumba marongerwo ezvikamu?

27. Maitiro ekugadzira simba rekugadzira?

28. Nzira yekugadzirisa sei kupisa?

29. Ndeipi mhando yekutsungirira kwekugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro?

30. Ndezvipi zvingasarudzwa zvesoftware yekugadzira?

31. Chii chinonzi maitiro ekugadzira?

32. Ndezvipi zvinetso zvinowanzo shandiswa pakuboorera uye mhinduro dzacho?

33. Basa rekuisa mhangura nekutonga makiyi nderei?

34. Ndedzipi nzira dzekutora mifananidzo uye zvadzinobatsira/dzakaipa?

35. Ungadzora sei ukobvu hwemhangura pakuputira?

36. Ungave nechokwadi chekuti kucheka kwakarurama sei panguva yekutema?

37. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro pakudhinda masiki emuchina wekusolder?

38. Ndezvipi matanho ekudzivirira pakudhindwa kwemavara?

39. Ndedzipi nzira dzakajairika dzekupedzisa pamusoro pemaPCB akaomarara? Ndezvipi hunhu hwadzo?

40. Ndezvipi zvinoitwa pakuumba? Ungasarudza sei?

41. Ndedzipi ongororo dzinodiwa panguva yekugadzira PCB dzakasimba?

42. Maitiro ekuedza mashandiro emagetsi ePCB dzakasimba?

43. Basa rekuongorora X-ray mukuongorora PCB kwakasimba nderei?

44. Ndeipi musimboti uye mamiriro ekushandiswa kweAOI (Otomatiki Optical Inspection)?

45. Maitiro ekuyedza hunhu hwemakanika ePCB dzakasimba?

46. ​​Ungasarudza sei maitiro ekupedzisa pamusoro pemaPCB akaomarara?

47. Maitiro ekugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvekucheka mukugadzirwa kwePCB kwakasimba?

48. Chii chinodiwa pakurongeka kwezvikamu zviviri (interlayer alignment) zvePCB dzakasimba dzine zvikamu zvakawanda?

49. Chii chinonzi chiyero chekusimba kwekukombama kwemaPCB akaomarara?

50. Nzira yekuedza sei ukobvu hwePCB dzakasimba kuburikidza nemhangura?

51. Ndeipi tembiricha yakakodzera yekusonesa mafungu ePCB dzakasimba?

52. Kobvu hwechifukidziro chesolder paPCB dzakasimba hwakaita sei?

53. Ndeipi nzvimbo shoma yekuisa mutsetse paPCB dzakasimba?

54. Ungasarudza sei pakati pekufukidza nekubatanidza dhizaini yePCB yakaoma?

55. Maitiro ekubata hunyoro muPCB dzakaoma?

56. Kuomarara kwefoil yemhangura kunokanganisa sei kutapurirana kwemasaini mumaPCB akaomarara?

57. Ungabvisa sei maburi kubva mumaburi akaboorwa muPCB dzakaoma?

58. Chii chinodiwa pakururamisa kudzorwa kweimpedance kune maPCB akaomarara?

59. Chii chinonzi standard ye stainless voltage yemaPCB akaomarara?

60. Dhizaini yekugadzira (DFM) yemaPCB akaomarara inonyanya kutariswa nei?

61. Ndezvipi zvinokonzera uye mhinduro dzekuchinja kwesimba panguva yekugadziriswazve kwePCB dzakasimba?

62. Chii chinodiwa kuti PCB dzakasimba dzisapinda pamusoro (SIR) dzisapinda pamusoro?

63. Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pezvinhu zvisingaonekwe uye zvakavigwa kuburikidza nekugadzira zvinhu mumaPCB akaomarara?

64. Ndezvipi zvakanakira uye zvakaipira zvekuongorora maPCB akaomarara uye bvunzo dzemazino emubhedha wembambo?

65. Ukobvu hwefoiri yemhangura hunokanganisa sei kupararira kwekupisa mumaPCB akaomarara?

66. Ndeipi hupamhi hwebhiriji remafuta egirini hushoma hwemaPCB akaomarara?

67. Ndeapi matambudziko anowanzo sangana nawo muHASL (hot air solder leveling) pamaPCB akaomarara?

46. Ungasarudza sei maitiro ekupedzisa pamusoro pemaPCB akaomarara?