Zvikamu zveModule

Kuyerera kwemaitiro egungano rePCBA

1. Ndezvipi zviitiko zvinowanzo shandiswa pakuongorora kweAI pakuona mukuisa zvikamu?

Kuonekwa kwepolar reversal component, zvisipo components, uye offset panguva chaiyo. Kumhanya kwekuziva i ≤0.1s/component, uye accuracy rate i >99.9%.
2. Ndezvipi zviitiko zvekushandiswa kweAI predictive maintenance mumichina yekuisa?

① Tarisa kupera kwe screw ye lead kuburikidza nema vibration sensors (huwandu hwekufanotaura kururama >95%); ② Dzidzira mamodheru zvichibva padata rekare kuti upe yambiro yemaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekupera kwekushanda kwe nozzle.
3. Chii chinotsanangurwa neIPC - 9850 standard pakumanikidzwa kwekuisa zvikamu?

Kudzvanywa kunofanirwa kuva ≤2 zvakapetwa huremu hwechikamu, uye kuchinja kwemabhora esimbi/anoputira ≤5% kudzivirira kukuvara kwemuchina.
4. Ndezvipi zvirambidzo zveRoHS 2.0 pakuisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa (semuenzaniso, mafuta emumuromo)?

Mafuta ekuzora anofanira kunge asina zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakaita sePb, Hg, Cd, uye zviri muSVHC (Zvinhu Zvinonyanya Kukosha) ≤0.1%.
5. Nzira yekugadzirisa sei kurongeka kwekuisa musanganiswa we wave soldering uye reflow soldering?

① Isa zvinhu zvikuru padivi rekugadzirisa mafungu (sezvinobatanidza); ② Wobva waisa zvinhu zvidiki padivi rekugadzirisa mafungu (sezvakaita 01005) kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwekupisa kwechipiri pazvikamu zvidiki.
6. Chii chinoita kuti maPCB ane ma surface finishes akasiyana (ENIG, OSP, HASL) ashande pakuisa zvinhu?

① Panyaya yeENIG, ukobvu hwe nickel layer (5 - 8μm) hunofanira kudzorwa kudzivirira mapedhi matema; ② Panyaya yeOSP, kuiswa kwayo kunofanira kuitwa mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana kudzivirira oxidation yemhangura pamusoro; ③ Panyaya yeHASL, kutsetseka kwepedhi (≤0.05mm) kunofanirwa kucherechedzwa.
7. Chii chinodiwa pakuchenesa kakawanda kwema nozzles pakuisa zvikamu zvakasiyana zvepakeji?

Manozzle anoshandiswa kakawanda (akadai seBGA) anofanira kucheneswa maawa mana ega ega kudzivirira kudzikira kwesimba rekunyungudika rinokonzerwa nemarara emuchina wekunyungudika.
8. Ungakurumidza sei kuchinja ma "component feeders" mukugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana?

Shandisa maFeeders akangwara (ane basa rekurangarira) kuti uchengete maparamita ekudyisa ezvikamu zvakasiyana, uye nguva yekuchinja inogona kupfupikiswa kusvika mukati memaminitsi mashanu.
9. Nzira yekuenzanisa mutoro wemisoro yakawanda yekuisa panguva yekushanda kwakafanana?

Gadzirisa kugoverwa kwezvikamu kuburikidza nesoftware yekufananidza maitiro (senge Valor) kuti mutsauko webasa remusoro wega wega wekuisa zvinhu ≤5%.
10. Ungawana sei kubatana pakati pe "high-speed" uye "high-precision" modules mumidziyo yekuisa misoro yakawanda?

① Shandisa dhizaini yemodular (yakadai semisoro inomhanya zvakanyanya ine chekuita nezvikamu zvidiki, misoro yakanyatsojeka ine chekuita neBGA); ② Batanidza nzira dzekufamba kwemusoro wega wega wekuisa kuburikidza nesystem yekudzora yepakati.
11. Ungawana sei kubatana pakati pe "high-speed" uye "high-precision" modules mumidziyo yekuisa misoro yakawanda?

① Shandisa dhizaini yemodular (yakadai semisoro inomhanya zvakanyanya ine chekuita nezvikamu zvidiki, misoro yakanyatsojeka ine chekuita neBGA); ② Batanidza nzira dzekufamba kwemusoro wega wega wekuisa kuburikidza nesystem yekudzora yepakati.
12. Ko mafambiro emvura anofanira kugadziriswa sei pakuisa mabhodhi ane TG yakakwirira (Tg>170℃)?

① Wedzera tembiricha yekupisa usati wapisa ne10 - 15℃; ② Wedzera tembiricha yepamusoro nemasekondi mashanu kusvika masere; ③ Deredza mwero wekutonhodza kusvika ku≤2℃/s kudzivirira kutsemuka kwebhodhi mukati.
13. Ungagadzira sei sisitimu yekudyisa inochinjika yemutsetse wekugadzira wakasanganiswa zvakanyanya?

① Shandisa mafeeder akangwara kuti uzive otomatiki mhando dzezvikamu; ② Gadzira sisitimu yekuisa ndiro inodedera + kuona kuti ienderane nezvikamu zvehukuru netepi - uye - reel.
14. Dambudziko rekushandisa zvinhu riri papi kana michina yekusarudza nekuiisa (>50,000 cph) ichiisa zvinhu zvidiki?

Kumhanya kwekudyisa kwemuchina wekudyisa (kazhinji ≤200 kanomwe paminiti) uye kushanda zvakanaka kwePCB kutamisa zvinhu ndizvo zvinonyanya kukonzera matambudziko.
15. Ungadzivirira sei vashandi kuti vasabatanidzwa mukushanda kwemichina yekutora nekuiisa nekukurumidza?

① Gadzira maketeni ekudzivirira (nguva yekupindura ≤20ms); ② Hazvibvumirwi kuvhura gonhi rekudzivirira kana michina iri kushanda (midziyo yekukiya inofanira kugadziriswa); ③ Vashandi vanofanirwa kupfeka mavheti ekunyevera anodzivirira.
16. Nzira yekudzora sei kusvibiswa kweionic pakuisa maPCB emuchadenga?

① Shandisa paste isina tsvina ine residue solder yakaderera (flux solid content ≤1.5%); ② Geza nemvura yakabviswa ion mushure mekuiswa (resistivity ≥18MΩ・cm).
17. Ndezvipi zvakanakira kuiswa pamwe chete kwecobot mumitsetse yekugadzira inochinjika?

Inogona kuchinjwa kuti ienderane nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana (kubva pa 01005 kusvika 50mm×50mm), uye shanduko yacho inoderedzwa nekufamba kwenguva kusvika pa 1/3 yemidziyo yechinyakare.
18. Ndeapi matanho ekudzivirira mwaranzi anofanira kutorwa pakushandisa sisitimu yekuongorora nelaser?

① Kirasi yelaser inofanira kusangana nechiyero cheKirasi 1 (simba ≤0.5mW); ② Goko remidziyo rinofanira kuvharwa kudzivirira kubuda kwelaser; ③ Vashandi vanopfeka magirazi ekudzivirira elaser.
19. Chii chinokanganisa imba yekugezera (Kirasi 10,000) pakuiswa kwezvikamu?

Kuwanda kweguruva >5μm kunofanirwa kuva ≤3,520 zvidimbu/m³. Zvikasadaro, zvinhu zvekunze zvinogona kukonzera kuzara panguva yekunyungudika kwezvikamu (kuderedzwa kwegoho ne3–5%).
20. Ko paste ye solder yakapera nguva inogona kushandiswa here pakuisa zvinhu munguva yenjodzi?

Kusviba kwepaste inosonerwa (inofanirwa kuva 80–120Pa·s) uye thixotropy (slump ≤2mm) zvinoda kuongororwazve, uye zvinogona kushandiswa chete mushure mekupasa bvunzo.
21. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvikuru zvinofanira kuteverwa zvine hanya pakuongorora "kurongeka kwekuisa" kwemuchina wekutora-uye-kuisa?

① Kukosha kweCpk (inofanira kuva ≥1.33); ② Kururama kwekudzokorora (3σ ≤±0.02mm); ③ Musiyano uripo pakati pekururama kwestatic nekururama kwedynamic (inofanira kuva ≤10%).
22. Ungasangana sei nezvinodiwa neIATF 16949 zvekudzora maitiro ekuisa zvikamu zvemagetsi zvemotokari?

① Gadzira sisitimu yekuongorora kukanganisa (senge kusimbisa nhamba mbiri); ② Magadzirirwo echinhu chakakosha (senge kumanikidzwa, tembiricha) anofanira kutariswa panguva chaiyo uye kuchengetwa kwemakore gumi; ③ Chikamu chekutanga cheshanduko yega yega chinofanira kuongororwa zvizere.
23. Ungaderedza sei mutengo we "zvikamu zvakarambwa" mukuisa zvinhu?

① Gadzirisa ma feeder parameters (akadai se vibration frequency); ② Gara uchichenesa ma nozzles nema vacuum pipes; ③ Gadzira nzira yekudzokorodza zvinhu zvakarambwa (zvakadai sekuongorora zvinhu zve 0402 zvinogona kushandiswazve).
24. Ungashandisa sei software yekuenzanisa maitiro ekugadzirisa nzira dzekuisa zvinhu?

① Tumira faira rePCB; ② Gadza mitemo yekuchinja kwemuromo uye kutevedzana kwekutorwa kwezvikamu; ③ Mhanya maalgorithms ekufananidzira (akadai semaalgorithms ezvemajini) kuti uverenge nzira pfupi uye kuderedza nguva yekufamba isina chinhu.
25. Ungawana sei nzira yakakwana yekutevedza maitiro ekuisa zvinhu kuburikidza neMES system?

① Nyora nguva yekuisa, nhamba yemuchina, uye nguva yekushandiswa kwemuromo wePCB yega yega; ② Batanidza nhamba yechikamu chechikamu nenzvimbo yekudyara kuti ukurumidze kukiya bhechi rine dambudziko.
26. Ungashandisa sei tekinoroji yechokwadi chaiyo (VR) kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwevashandisi vekuisa zvinhu?

① Gadzira mamiriro ekudzidzisa eVR (akadai sekutevedzera kutsiva nozzle, kugadzirisa feeder); ② Gadzira nzira yekupa mhinduro kana paine mashandiro asina kunaka (akadai sekudonhedza zvikamu zve virtual); ③ Nyora data rekushanda kuti uongorore kushanda kwekudzidzisa.
27. Ungaderedza sei njodzi yekukuvara kweESD panguva yekuiswa kuburikidza nekurongedza zvikamu?

Isa pakutanga matepi epurasitiki anofambisa mhepo kana matireyi esimbi ane kudzivirirwa. Kugadziriswa kweionization kunodiwa pakurongedza usati wavhura.
28. Matanho api anofanira kutorwa kugadzirisa kana system yekuona ikatadza kuziva mapoinzi ePCB Mark?

① Chenesa lenzi nekwakabva chiedza; ② Gadzirisa kuwedzera kwekamera nenguva yekuonekwa kwayo; ③ Tarisa kana mapoinzi eMark akasvibiswa kana kuti akasvibiswa; ④ Tsiva mapoinzi eMark nemaitiro akasiyana (akadai sekuchinja kubva pakuchinja kubva padenderedzwa kuenda pakuchinjana).
29. Chii chinowanzo kukonzera kudonha kwe solder paste mushure mekuisa zvikamu zvese zvepakeji?

Kusashanda zvakanaka kwe thixotropy ye solder paste kana kuti kugara kwenguva yakareba mushure mekudhinda (> maawa maviri). Tembiricha yemu workshop inofanira kudzorwa pa23±2℃, uye hunyoro pa50±5% RH.
30. Nzira yekuenzanisa sei kusawirirana pakati pe "kumhanya" uye "kururama" mumichina yekusarudza-uye-nzvimbo?

① Kune zvikamu zvikuru (zvakaita seQFP), tanga nekutarisa kurongeka (kumhanya ≤30mm/s); ② Kune zvikamu zvidiki (zvakaita se0402), kumhanya kunogona kuwedzerwa kusvika 80 - 100mm/s, uye kurongeka kunogona kuvandudzwa kuburikidza nekuona.
31. Chii chinotaurwa nepfungwa yekuti "hapana zvitatu" mukushanda kwemuchina wekusarudza nekuisa?

Usaise zvinhu zvisina kugadziriswa, usashandise ma nozzles ane kupfeka kwakanyanya, uye usagadzire ma PCB usina kutanga waongorora.
32. Ndezvipi zvingakonzera kuti "component pick failure" irambe ichirira muchina wepick-and-place?

① Dhayamita yemukati memuromo wemuromo yakavharwa (inofanira kubviswa netsono yesimbi ye0.2mm); ② Jenareta yemuchina wekubvisa mhepo inotadza kushanda (vacuum degree
33. Chii chinokanganisa kudzorwa kwedata rekugadzira muchina wekutora nekuisa data pakugadzirisa mhando?

Zvinokurudzirwa kuunganidza ma parameter akakosha (akadai sekumanikidzwa, kutsauka kwenzvimbo) masekondi 0.5 ega ega. Kunonoka kwedata kweanopfuura sekondi imwe chete kunogona kukonzera kusaonekwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka.
34. Ungagadzirisa sei kutenderera kwekugadzirisa kwehurongwa hwekuona kwemuchina wekutora-uye-kuisa?

Gadzirisa magetsi kamwe chete mushure memagetsi - zuva rega rega, kana mushure mekugadzira maPCB makumi mashanu, kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti kurongeka kwekugadzirisa pakati pezvikamu nemapedhi kuri ≤ ±0.02mm.
35. Kutenderera kwekuzora mafuta kwezvikushi zvemuchina wekutora nekuisa zvinokanganisa sei kunyatsorongeka kwekuisa?

Kuzora mafuta kunodiwa maawa ese mazana maviri ekushanda. Kushaikwa kwemafuta kuchaita kuti pave nekukanganisa kukuru kwekutumira mafuta (sekunge X/Y axis positioning deviation >0.03mm).
36. Ndeipi nzira chaiyo ye "nzira yekutarisa mativi matatu" mukutarisa kukwirira kwemuromo wemuchina wekusarudza nekuisa?

Sarudza mapoinzi matatu eMark panzvimbo dzakasiyana paPCB, wobva wagadzirisa kukwirira kweZ - axis kwemuromo wemuromo zvichiteerana. Chikanganiso chinofanira kuva ≤±0.005mm.
37. Ndeapi hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hunofanirwa kuve nemainjiniya ekuisa nzvimbo?

① Nheyo dzezvishandiso uye mapurogiramu (senge G - kodhi, dzidzisa - purogiramu yependant); ② Kugadzirisa ma parameter emaitiro (senge kumanikidzwa, ma curves ekupisa); ③ Kuongorora zvikanganiso uye kuchengetedza kudzivirira; ④ Kushandisa zvishandiso zvemhando yepamusoro (senge SPC, FMEA).
38. Nzira yekuderedza sei kukanganiswa kwekushandiswa kwemuromo wemuromo nenharaunda panguva yekuisa mushonga?

① Shandisa maburi esimbi esimbi kana esimbi (hupenyu hwese hwakawedzerwa nekatatu kusvika kashanu); ② Gadzira nzira yekugadzirisa maburi (senge laser - kugadzirisa nzvimbo yakasakara).
39. Nzira yekubatanidza michina yekuisa zvinhu kuIndustrial Internet of Things (IIoT) sei?

① Wedzera mamodule e edge computing (akadai sePLC gateways); ② Shandisa OPC UA protocol kuti uwane kutaurirana pakati pemidziyo; ③ Gadzira nzvimbo yekuchengetedza data rekugadzira data panguva chaiyo.
40. Ndeapi matanho ekudzivirira moto anodiwa pakuisa zvinhu zvinobvira moto (semuenzaniso, mapakeji ane zvinonyungudutsa)?

Sisitimu yekudzima moto ine gasi isina simba inofanira kunge yakashongedzerwa, uye huwandu hweokisijeni muworkshop hunofanira kudzorwa pakati pe18 - 21%.
41. Chii chinodiwa kuti nguva yekuisa zvikamu nechinhu chisina lead-solder paste (Sn - Ag - Cu) ikwane?

Nguva kubva pakudhinda kusvika pakuisa inofanira kuva ≤1 awa kudzivirira kuti solder paste isatore hunyoro uye zvichikonzera kudzoka kwemvura muvhu.
42. Chii chinokanganisa kushandiswa kwesimba risina lead pakuisa simba uye matanho anoenderana naro?

Solder isina lead ine poindi yekunyunguduka yakakwira (inenge 217℃), zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwe15 - 20% mukushandiswa kwesimba rekusoldering rinodzokororwa. Kushandiswa kwesimba kunogona kuderedzwa nekuvandudza tembiricha yechoto (sekupfupisa nguva yekubata).
43. Ndezvipi zvakanakira zvekushandisa paindaneti mukutanga kwemuchina mutsva?

① Simbisa hurongwa hwepurogiramu pachine nguva (uchideredza nguva yekugadzirisa zvinhu panzvimbo ne50%); ② Tevedzera mamiriro ekushanda akanyanya kuti uedze kugadzikana kwemidziyo; ③ Dzidzisa vashandi vasina kushandisa michina chaiyo.
44. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa zvakakosha zvinoitwa ne selectal wave soldering pakuronga nzvimbo yezvikamu?

① Chengeta mupendero we ≥5mm wekubatanidza zvinhu; ② Nzvimbo iri pakati pezvikamu zviri pedyo inofanira kuva ≥3mm kudzivirira kukanganiswa panguva yekupfapfaidza netin.
45. Ndezvipi zvimwe zvinodiwa zveFDA zvinofanirwa kuzadzikiswa pakuiswa kwePCB mumidziyo yekurapa?

① Batch yega yega yezvinhu inofanira kupa bhiri rezvinhu (BOM); ② ID yemushandisi nenguva yekushanda zvinofanirwa kunyorwa panguva yekuisa; ③ Majoini eSolder anofanirwa kuongororwa 100% X - Ray uye marekodhi emufananidzo anofanira kuchengetwa.
46. "Muyero wekurambwa" wakagadzirirwa sei pakurongedza tepi yezvikamu?

Kune zvikamu zve0402 zvichikwira, chiyero chekurambwa chinofanira kuva ≤0.5%; kune zvikamu zve 0201 zvichidzika, chiyero chekurambwa chinofanira kuva ≤1.5%.
47. Ndeipi nzira yekuongorora chikamu chekutanga chechitatu (first - part three - viewing) yekuisa zvikamu panzvimbo inodarika mwero?

Kuzviongorora kwemushandi → Mutungamiriri wechikwata anoongororazve → Kuongororwa kwesampuli yemuongorori wemhando yepamusoro. Kugadzirwa kwese kunotenderwa chete mushure mekusimbiswa.
48. Chii chinoita kuti kupatsanurwa kwekona yekuisa zvikamu kuve kwakakosha pakusungirirwa kwesimbi?

Kutsauka kwekona >5° kunogona kukonzera kusarongeka kwemabhora nemapedhi e leads/solder, zvichiwedzera njodzi yekusunga madziro kana kusungirirwa kwenhema. Zvinoda kubhadharwa uye kugadziriswa kuburikidza nesoftware yemidziyo.

Kuyerera kwemaitiro egungano rePCBA

1. Ndezvipi zviitiko zvinowanzo shandiswa pakuongorora kweAI pakuona mukuisa zvikamu?

2. Ndezvipi zviitiko zvekushandiswa kweAI predictive maintenance mumichina yekuisa?

3. Chii chinotsanangurwa neIPC - 9850 standard pakumanikidzwa kwekuisa zvikamu?

4. Ndezvipi zvirambidzo zveRoHS 2.0 pakuisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa (semuenzaniso, mafuta emumuromo)?

5. Nzira yekugadzirisa sei kurongeka kwekuisa musanganiswa we wave soldering uye reflow soldering?

6. Chii chinoita kuti maPCB ane ma surface finishes akasiyana (ENIG, OSP, HASL) ashande pakuisa zvinhu?

7. Chii chinodiwa pakuchenesa kakawanda kwema nozzles pakuisa zvikamu zvakasiyana zvepakeji?

8. Ungakurumidza sei kuchinja ma "component feeders" mukugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana?

9. Nzira yekuenzanisa mutoro wemisoro yakawanda yekuisa panguva yekushanda kwakafanana?

10. Ungawana sei kubatana pakati pe "high-speed" uye "high-precision" modules mumidziyo yekuisa misoro yakawanda?

11. Ungawana sei kubatana pakati pe "high-speed" uye "high-precision" modules mumidziyo yekuisa misoro yakawanda?

12. Ko mafambiro emvura anofanira kugadziriswa sei pakuisa mabhodhi ane TG yakakwirira (Tg>170℃)?

13. Ungagadzira sei sisitimu yekudyisa inochinjika yemutsetse wekugadzira wakasanganiswa zvakanyanya?

14. Dambudziko rekushandisa zvinhu riri papi kana michina yekusarudza nekuiisa (>50,000 cph) ichiisa zvinhu zvidiki?

15. Ungadzivirira sei vashandi kuti vasabatanidzwa mukushanda kwemichina yekutora nekuiisa nekukurumidza?

16. Nzira yekudzora sei kusvibiswa kweionic pakuisa maPCB emuchadenga?

17. Ndezvipi zvakanakira kuiswa pamwe chete kwecobot mumitsetse yekugadzira inochinjika?

18. Ndeapi matanho ekudzivirira mwaranzi anofanira kutorwa pakushandisa sisitimu yekuongorora nelaser?

19. Chii chinokanganisa imba yekugezera (Kirasi 10,000) pakuiswa kwezvikamu?

20. Ko paste ye solder yakapera nguva inogona kushandiswa here pakuisa zvinhu munguva yenjodzi?

21. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvikuru zvinofanira kuteverwa zvine hanya pakuongorora "kurongeka kwekuisa" kwemuchina wekutora-uye-kuisa?

22. Ungasangana sei nezvinodiwa neIATF 16949 zvekudzora maitiro ekuisa zvikamu zvemagetsi zvemotokari?

23. Ungaderedza sei mutengo we "zvikamu zvakarambwa" mukuisa zvinhu?

24. Ungashandisa sei software yekuenzanisa maitiro ekugadzirisa nzira dzekuisa zvinhu?

25. Ungawana sei nzira yakakwana yekutevedza maitiro ekuisa zvinhu kuburikidza neMES system?

26. Ungashandisa sei tekinoroji yechokwadi chaiyo (VR) kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwevashandisi vekuisa zvinhu?

27. Ungaderedza sei njodzi yekukuvara kweESD panguva yekuiswa kuburikidza nekurongedza zvikamu?

28. Matanho api anofanira kutorwa kugadzirisa kana system yekuona ikatadza kuziva mapoinzi ePCB Mark?

29. Chii chinowanzo kukonzera kudonha kwe solder paste mushure mekuisa zvikamu zvese zvepakeji?

30. Nzira yekuenzanisa sei kusawirirana pakati pe "kumhanya" uye "kururama" mumichina yekusarudza-uye-nzvimbo?

31. Chii chinotaurwa nepfungwa yekuti "hapana zvitatu" mukushanda kwemuchina wekusarudza nekuisa?

32. Ndezvipi zvingakonzera kuti "component pick failure" irambe ichirira muchina wepick-and-place?

33. Chii chinokanganisa kudzorwa kwedata rekugadzira muchina wekutora nekuisa data pakugadzirisa mhando?

34. Ungagadzirisa sei kutenderera kwekugadzirisa kwehurongwa hwekuona kwemuchina wekutora-uye-kuisa?

35. Kutenderera kwekuzora mafuta kwezvikushi zvemuchina wekutora nekuisa zvinokanganisa sei kunyatsorongeka kwekuisa?

36. Ndeipi nzira chaiyo ye "nzira yekutarisa mativi matatu" mukutarisa kukwirira kwemuromo wemuchina wekusarudza nekuisa?

37. Ndeapi hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hunofanirwa kuve nemainjiniya ekuisa nzvimbo?

38. Nzira yekuderedza sei kukanganiswa kwekushandiswa kwemuromo wemuromo nenharaunda panguva yekuisa mushonga?

39. Nzira yekubatanidza michina yekuisa zvinhu kuIndustrial Internet of Things (IIoT) sei?

40. Ndeapi matanho ekudzivirira moto anodiwa pakuisa zvinhu zvinobvira moto (semuenzaniso, mapakeji ane zvinonyungudutsa)?

41. Chii chinodiwa kuti nguva yekuisa zvikamu nechinhu chisina lead-solder paste (Sn - Ag - Cu) ikwane?

42. Chii chinokanganisa kushandiswa kwesimba risina lead pakuisa simba uye matanho anoenderana naro?

43. Ndezvipi zvakanakira zvekushandisa paindaneti mukutanga kwemuchina mutsva?

44. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa zvakakosha zvinoitwa ne selectal wave soldering pakuronga nzvimbo yezvikamu?

45. Ndezvipi zvimwe zvinodiwa zveFDA zvinofanirwa kuzadzikiswa pakuiswa kwePCB mumidziyo yekurapa?

46. ​​"Muyero wekurambwa" wakagadzirirwa sei pakurongedza tepi yezvikamu?

47. Ndeipi nzira yekuongorora chikamu chekutanga chechitatu (first - part three - viewing) yekuisa zvikamu panzvimbo inodarika mwero?

48. Chii chinoita kuti kupatsanurwa kwekona yekuisa zvikamu kuve kwakakosha pakusungirirwa kwesimbi?

46. "Muyero wekurambwa" wakagadzirirwa sei pakurongedza tepi yezvikamu?